Философия / 2. Социальная философия

Phys.N. Vorobyeva O. B.
Samara state transport University, Russia

THE QUESTION OF TOLERANCE

In many cultural traditions the concept of tolerance is synonymous of tolerance: lat.- tolerantia – patience; Engl. – tolerance. In the view of the Russian people tolerance is peace, goodness, mercy, which are reflected in folklore: "the Mercy humbles", "good good life", "Who does good, God will repay".

The analysis of researches on the problem of tolerance in philosophy, political science, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology reveals her as quite a complex phenomenon. Each of these Sciences has its own definition of this concept, formed their methodological approaches to tolerance education.

In the history of philosophy of tolerance is revealed through the principle ediesse – the important ontological relations uniting all beings of the universe. This approach is reflected in the doctrine about the structure of the world of P. A. Florensky through the concept of ediesse by analogy with its theological aspect: it is based on "the idea of Christian love, which transforms the relations of beings with each other" [1, Р. 84].

V. S. Soloviev sanctifies the problem of tolerance in the book "good Excuse", where in the 14th Chapter he writes: "we must love all peoples as their own.... If such an attitude will really become the rule, the national differences will persist and even intensify, become more vivid, and will disappear only hostile separation and resentment, constituting a fundamental obstacle to the moral organization of mankind" [2, Р. 347]. And further: "of Course, such ethical love connected with psychological understanding and appreciation of the positive features of all other Nations, – overcoming the moral will of the senseless and ignorant ethnic hatred, we begin to know and to appreciate other people's nationalities, they start to like us" [2, Р.347].

According to the definition from the Declaration of principles on tolerance, adopted in Paris by 185 member countries of UNESCO on 16 November 1995, "tolerance is respect, acceptance and appreciation of the rich diversity of our world's cultures, our forms of expression and ways of displays of human individuality. It is fostered by knowledge, openness, communication and freedom of thought, conscience and belief. Tolerance is harmony in diversity. This is not only a moral duty but also a political and legal requirement. Tolerance is the virtue that makes peace possible, contributes to the replacement of culture of war by culture of peace" [3: article 1, Р.1.1]. This understanding articulates a tolerant attitude towards other nationalities, races, gender, sexual orientation, disability, language, age, religion, political opinions and so on.

Tolerance of the Russian people, there is a historical way: these people lived in the neighborhood with other people, interacted with them, took and assimilated their language and culture. Respect for others ' values, customs and traditions have become the defining trait of the Russian people, the cultural components of the attitude of the Russian national character [4, Р. 46]. This quality creates the conditions for the dialogue between cultures, contributes to its success. The Russian people have always been, and will be tolerant in those situational moments, which consonant with its own notions of security and assume the same attitude on the part of other Nations.

To accept the right of other people to a different opinion from yours, way of life, culture is a necessary property of a man of modern society. "Global development processes require from different countries and cultures to seek cooperation instruments, to compromise, to live in conditions of socio-cultural diversity, even if not agreeing with foreign ideas and culture, but not condemning them for their "otherness", since in modern conditions of social multiculturalism and cultural diversity increases dramatically, making it impossible to avoid the necessity of coexistence of different opinions, traditions, cultures" [5, Р. 25].

Therefore, in the modern world the formation of a tolerant consciousness of people, especially young people, is essential. "Education is the most effective means of preventing intolerance. Education in the spirit of tolerance begins with teaching people that what their shared rights and freedoms, in order to ensure the exercise of these rights, and to encourage the protection of the rights of others" [3: article 4, section 4.1]. This requires the introduction of elements of world culture in philosophical, sociological and educational-psychological programmes. "It promotes the study of the cultural heritage of the peoples of the world, expansion of the worldview and Outlook as individuals and society as a whole, the culture of communication, understanding, and establishing dialogue as the axiomatic constants of society" [6, Р. 58].

Teaching tolerance focuses in the educational process and aimed at developing pedagogical approaches where important information, facts, and the efforts of learners themselves as part of educational activities. "Education should contribute to the development of thinking, tolerance, the formation of balanced people who respect themselves and others" [6, Р. 60].

Due to the fact that society is becoming more diverse and susceptible to internal conflicts, education should contribute to the education of socially determined identity, which grafted a peaceful way of thinking and feelings.

Literature:

1. Vostriakovа, J. V., Vorobyevа, O. B. Тhe Problem of unity in Russian philosophy // Science and culture of Russia: materials of the International scientific conference. Samara: Samara State, 2014. - P. 84-86.

2. Soloviev V. S. Works in 2 volumes. Vol. 1. – Moscow: Pravda, 1989.

3. The Declaration of principles of tolerance. Approved by resolution of the General conference of UNESCO of 16 November 1995. [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access: www.toletance.ru / declar.html. – Date of access 17.04.2017.

4. Belyakova O. B. Cultural components of the optimistic attitude of the Russian national character // Science and culture of Russia: materials of II International scientific-practical conference. Samara, 2005. 46-47.

5. Zelenkova I. L. Тhe Problem of pluralism: some aspects of research // Philosophy and social Sciences. 2009. No. 3. - S. 25-32.

6.Vorobyevа, O. B. Cultural studies as an integrative discipline in educational process of higher school // Philosophical and methodological problems of science and technology: interuniversity collection of scientific papers. Samara, 2013. P. 58-61.