Ph.D. S.O.Gerashchenko, Ph.D. T.M. Cherkavskaya
State Higher
Educational Institution “National Mining University”, Ukraine
Problems
of the national labour market in conditions of globalization
Modern world is developing in conditions of globalization that cause
changes in all economic, financial, political and social relationships. Globalization
processes are reflected in the following trends: formation of a single world
market of goods and services as well as capital market, reinforcement of interrelationships
and interdependence of the world community; collecting all the countries in one
international economic complex. As it is impossible to avoid globalization
processes, it is necessary to save national interests and form the own model of
the country development. From our perspective, the main prerequisites to the
sustainable development of the Ukrainian model of economy are the following:
maintenance of social stability in the society, maximum use of human resources
and their scientific and engineering potentials. Competitiveness of the country
and its national business is determined by knowledge-based production,
qualification level of labour force,
standard of living of its population.
There is a wide range of mechanisms to involve the national labour
markets in the process of forming global social and economic space. The
research of problems in labour sphere within the context of globalization assumes
considering the following circumstances.
Firstly, global economy assumes a wide choice of employment, better
working conditions, self-realisation and higher standards of living. However,
it is necessary to take into consideration the following negative processes: marginalisation
of local labour markets connected with the growth of informal employment and
self-employment, deterioration of working conditions of the whole continents; generation
of highly raising unemployment; expansion of the sector of illegal markets of
the foreign labour force in a national economy; establishment of enclaves of migrant
employment with dumping labour costs and lowing production efficiency.
Secondly, globalization causes a system of risks for the sphere of
labour and employment in the national economies which leads to the risks of low
human capital, low competitiveness of workers and employees. The risk of
inconsistenciesof continent workers with the requirements of a new demand and
the risk of civil rights loss, i.e. right tow work, appear.
Thirdly, the important problem of globalization is growth of inequality
in labour sphere reflected in wage gaps of qualified and non-qualified workers.
Fourthly, outsourcing, moving production of goods and services from the
countries with post-industrial economies to the developing countries
significantly influence the state of a national employment sphere Thus,
offshore services are widely used in the IT sphere. Advanced technologies allow
to hire programmers on place without going abroad. (It is impossible to count
GDP losses caused by virtual ‘brain drain’).
Fifthly, international business requirements to market subjects becomes
the significant problem as they lead to the complexity not only at the level of
technical and practical issues, but at the level of national mentality and
behavior as well as they cause problems in institutional regulation of labour
sphere in different countries.
Ukraine has joined the globalization processes with a large list of
problems in the labour sphere, where are low wages and salaries, high regional,
branch and gender differentiations, high level of professional risk,
ineffective professional and qualification and branch structure of employment,
high regional asymmetry of unemployment indices, non-efficient interaction of
labour market with the system of education. The low level of incomes in the
employment sphere causes an increase in working hours and multiple employment,
including employment in informal sector. Moreover, the secondary employment not
always corresponds tothe qualification and education of employees that leads to
‘professional marginalization’ of the labour force and its wear.
Slack demand in professionals in the country, low
salaries and wages lead to their outflow overseas. Labour migration mobility is
characterized by high territory migration concentration and the specific use of
migrant labour. The USA and Canada are the most important centres of attracting
foreign workers and employers. European countries successfully compete with
them. Recently Poland, which is ready to receive 2 mln. migrants from Ukraine,
has become the attractive country for Ukrainians. The consequences of the
international migration are listed below.
1.
The
world on whole is winning as free migration allow people to move to the
countries, where they can more contribute to the world production.
·
Effects
and impactsonan emigration country: decrease of unemployment rate and getting
income in currency as the result of currency transfer of emigrants; outflow of
qualified labour force resulted from constant migration can lead to GDP losses
caused by ‘brain drain.
·
Effects
and impacts on an immigration country: the receiving party/country wins because
of tax changes based on qualification and age of immigrants. The specialists
who are proficient in the language of the immigration country immediately
become large taxpayers; significant income is provided by the knowledge which
immigrants bring to the immigration country; immigration brings surplus of
labour force that allows to provide competition on labout market, retain growth
of wages of local workers; concurrently some impacts on the country of
immigration are possible such as social tensions, sharpening of the national
problems and raise in crimes etc.
To sumup, international migration is part and parcel
of the modern world economy. The major economic function of migration on labour
market is provision of labour force mobility that contributes to the more
rational use of labour resources, providing effective functioning of the
national and world labour markets.
Literature
1. Ivahnyk I.V. International labor migration. - Ì.:Economic faculty MGU, TEIS, 2005.
2. Dzibev S. H. Features of the provision of employment in the global financial crisis. - M.: Prospekt, 2011.
3. Yakovets Y.V. Global economical transformation in ÕÕ1 century.-Ì.: Economic, 2012.