LAWS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL HAZARDS

ҚАУІПТІ ТАБИҒИ ҚҰБЫЛЫСТАРДЫҢ ҚАЛЫПТАСУЫ МЕН ДАМУ ЗАҢДЫЛЫҒЫ

D.M. BORANKULOVA, R.T. ISKAKOVA, М.А. АМАNBАЕVА

Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abay, Almaty, Kazakhstan

E-mail: montiko1992@mail.ru

This article describes natural hazards, where it is considered as homogenous natural and technogenic complex of complicated geographic system. The features of formation and development of this phenomenon are closely related to geographic status of the territory. The features of formation and development of natural hazards are characterized by natural and natural-technogenic factors, features of geographical situation, territorial rechanges of the environment.

The authors also consider the problem of classification of dangerous natural processes and phenomena on genetic grounds. It describes the division of natural hazards on the specifics of their origin: geological, geomorphological, climatic and hydrological, biogeochemical, biological, solar, space, etc. Also natural hazards can be divided into geophysical, geological, meteorological, hydrological sea, hydrological, hydrogeological, wildfires.

The disaster is closely related to the dynamic processes. During the formation of natural hazards and research of its development regularity, monitoring and forecasting, natural hazards' methodological aspects of the study of natural phenomena are studied by a catastrophic natural phenomena reflected the geographic location of the region as a prerequisite for consideration, reflected in the structure and dynamics of natural hazards, please note that there is a need for analysis.

Insurance against the risks during natural hazards spacious spreads in the world and it has a long history. But the lack of methodological foundations with reasonable insurance that takes into account the physical and geographical threats reduces the efficiency of management. In this regard, the figure of the laws of natural disasters and estimation of the constancy of natural and technogenic systems is very important.According to this, the problem, taking into account the impact of human activity on the environment, disaster explores using scientific and technological advances.

Keywords: dangerous natural processes, natural and man-made complex, geographic system

Natural hazards are the results of natural processes that occur in nature. These phenomena can harm humanity, socio-economic and environmental objects by their intensity, degree of spread and duration.

In nature, these phenomena develop actively having a different character. Not only geological, climatic, hydrological situations which connected with physical and geographical position of the considered area influence their active development, but also man-made factors. Ponderability and intensity of natural hazards not only increase the social, environmental and economic damage as well as lead to the destruction of the dynamic balance of the environment (plant, soil, topography, ground and underground water, etc.) [1].

Feature of the formation of natural hazards closely related with physical and geographic regularities. Regularities of formation of natural processes, together with external influences is explained with connection of time and space [2].

Natural hazards which associated with physical and ge ographical and regional climate situations are divided into natural and natural-manmade factors. It is observed more clearly in the area of activity of natural and technical systems (NTS) with different volumes and functions. Natural and technical systems (NTS) are the set of complexes of natural and man-made objects that work as one system and interact with each other. NTS are characterized by a complex of endogenous and exogenous processes, human factors, geographical position, and repeated changes in the regional environment.

Today, many scientists are engaged in the classification of natural hazards. Natural hazards by the classification include such a phenomenon: the geological, meteorological, biological, environmental, etc. and considering the classification of characteristics the developing environment is the main. By type of origin, they are divided as follows:

1. Geological and geomorphological hazards include earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, fall of stones, avalanches, floods, the flow of water along with the snow falling and the movement of glaciers, the recovering of the river bed, landslide soil (snow) in the foothills, land subsidence during karsts processes.

2. Climate and hydrological hazards - storm, typhoon, whirlwind, flood, a blizzard, lightning, sea storm, sudden change in weather, downpour, flood, hail, ice-crusted ground, freezing ice in the foothills, thermokarst, thermoerosion, raising the water level, changes in the level of ground water, coastal abrasion lakes and reservoirs, rivers frost, drought, deflation, vortex, soil salinization, a sharp change in atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity.

3. Biogeochemical hazards - leaking gas from reservoirs (lakes, swamps), and others.

4. Biological hazards - The increase of harmful insects in agriculture, diseases of plants and pets, the epidemic among humans and animals, blood-sucking insects, predators, poisonous animals.

5. Solar-space hazards: a sharp and magnetic change of solar energy deviates from the norm, the fall of meteorites and comets [1-4].

Below is shown classification of natural hazards by their types:

Picture 1. Classification of natural hazards

Natural hazards are divided according to the origin, property damage, the scale of the hearth: regional (strong winds, extreme precipitation, and others) and local (grounding avalanche, karst collapse, and others).

By duration:

- Short duration extreme events, they form harmful factors and provide a destructive character to objects, buildings, equipment, communications, and others. These include: the fall of meteorites, the vortex, the typhoon, storm, earthquake, flood, tsunami, volcanic eruption, falling stones, streams, avalanche with water.

- Long-time natural hazards associate with the slow movement of the physical, chemical, biological and climatic changes. Long-time natural hazards include strong frost, drought, and etc. These processes bring enormous harm to the environment and agriculture.

Provided with a negative impact on the territorial complexes of the economy, they can be devastating, stopping (stop traffic) and suffering (reduce of the products, fertility of the soil and other natural resources). With regard characteristic of damaging object of the current form, flood can destroy the field and stop traffic movement if the flood broke down the locality.

Taking into account the long-term operation of natural hazards S.M. Miagkov considered spoil blog technosphere as one system, and estimated the integral characteristic of the change for external factors. The activities of the territorial complexes of economy can be attributed examples as a population, the square of consideration region, the price of industrial resources, income, level of income per person, the volume of production, etc. The measure of the territorial complexes of economy due to the impact of natural hazards can be ratio after the any selected readings in a certain time the impact on its value. The level of breakdown is assessed from the recovery time of unbroken system, ie starting. A variety of natural hazards is based on the socio-economic factors, which is determined by considering scale of natural phenomena, the character of changing, the loss of life and property.

The stability of the natural environment to natural hazards is determined by natural and man-made factors. Because of diversity of technogenic factors investigated and assessed only those factors which great harm to the environment. Depending on the types of man-made activities the scale of determining man-made effects can be different. Technical systems of mining enterprises, industrial city and hydrotechnical facilities may do more harm to much of the region. The impact on the geological stability is determined above the earth and in the depths. By scale impact of the military-industrial systems can be very not great, but still, impacts can dramatically change the stability of natural systems. These include nuclear explosions, underground nuclear residues, danger of very toxic substances and others.

Small regional threats combined with other threats is defined in major natural and man-made and natural systems. Research of determinableness of natural hazards need for the basics of preventive measures and timely implementation. Therefore it is impossible to predict the scale of certainty and the manifestation of natural and man-made and natural phenomena threatening geosystems. Research methods, evaluation and forecasting become more difficult in the scientific-theoretical context of the investigation of natural hazards. Natural hazards are investigated from the geographical, geo-ecological, economic, social and security point of view.

The risk can be divided into three groups: 1) natural and environmental - the dangers which born with the man-made destruction of the natural geo-biochemical cycle of migration substances or harmful effects of the dangers to human life; 2) man-made - that dangers are because of unnecessary waste collected in the industrial and technological facilities; 3) social-anthropogenic - a danger that is because of the misrepresentation of information or hiding. At performance any action (including tourism), above said groups may impact separately or all together. According to the conditions of reasons for losses, the dangers are divided into 2 groups: a) a direct threat to human life; b) indirect danger, for example, for reasons of the deterioration of his condition (of losing material valuables, environmental pollution, etc. In the sphere of recreation and tourism in the first place this problem can be considered in the ratio of tourists and workers in this sphere.

The positions to ensure the safety make a certain system. Each position is independent in relation to itself. Let us consider some of the principles of security. Oriented principles serve as a methodological and information base, the founding ideas that determine a search direction of the solution of security. For example, according to the principle of systematicity any phenomenon, actions, different objects are considered as an element of the system. Technical principles aimed at eliminating the dangers and are based on the use of physical laws.

Methods are used during monitoring, research and prediction of natural hazards. During the study of natural hazards complex observations and sizes play an important role which allows to determine the time and space condition, size, and quantity and quality of natural phenomena.

Selection and use of any methods of research of natural hazards is based on the several radical rule.

1. Research methods of natural hazards and disasters should substantiate on the historical and genetic views that take into account their conditions of formation and development. This allows understanding and explaining the current state of natural hazards, to determine the period of development and the level of danger of the process.

2. Important conditions of research of natural hazards and disasters are complex study, i.e. kinds of methods, using the groups and types of filling each other: an overview, characteristic, analysis, field, laboratory, remote, virtual (forecast) and the other types at different scales (macro-meso and micro levels). Implementation of these works enable to forecast natural hazards completely and versatile.

3. In research of natural hazards and disasters the system method is used which allows to consider any natural process as a multifactorial and detailed system. Details of this system are closely linked to each other and between themselves conventionally. This method makes it possible to distinguish development factors and communication, the main parts for the prevention and protective effect on the early stages of the study of natural hazards.

In conclusion, in every region the natural hazards and disasters has a peculiar character. Natural hazards determine geosystem condition of the region and develop in different physiographic environment. Therefore, it becomes necessary to find out the methodological aspects of the study of natural hazards and to consider the physical and geographical status as a precondition manifestations of natural hazards, to analyze the dynamics and structure identification of natural hazards on the areas of research.

Conception:

1. Natural hazards and disasters are considered as a complex geographic functional system which is a single natural and man-made complex. System method aims to study how a system as a single system, in this case explores the principles of generalization of particles in a single system, analyze in terms of the main objective set for the operation of each system and internal components.

2. Not only the buildings and construction sites, also natural and industrial processes that dangerous for life are develop actively as geographical and functional system on the territory of the research. Natural-climatic situations and physical location affect to their development, as well as man-made factors that allowed the increase of threat activity. Development risks not taken into account until now. Therefore destroy the dynamic balance in the use of natural and technical systems and an emergency. Hazards in areas located in the orogenic zone bring considerable harm to the people, economy and natural objects. In these areas, the life of the population and economic activity, and the activity of the natural environment depend on the natural risks.

3. Hazardous and unfavorable natural phenomenons impacts negatively not only on people, but also on the country, the economic development of its individual areas. In geographical studies scientists must provide information on the scientific basis to identify areas where may be natural disasters, and to explore preventive measures as well as security and stability of the environment certain territory.

References:

1. Treshchalina O.I. Physical analysis of natural hazards in the Voronezh region: Abstract of dissertation of applicant for a degree of candidate of geographical sciences. Voronezh, 2007. P.– 24.

2. Abdimanapov B.Sh. Geography of natural hazards and risks: a textbook. Almaty, 2012. P.– 240.

3. А. Duisenova, B. Abdimanapov, D. Borankulova. Socio-technogenic factors of induced earthquake // Bulletin d’EUROTALENT-FIDJIP, 2014, №6, Р.43-47.

4. Borankulova D.M., Duisenova A. Physical and geographical condition as a precondition for presenting of natural hazards. Search. Series of technical and naturally sciences. – 2015. No 2. P. – 254-258.