Арынғазиева А.А.

ЮКГПИ. Шымкент, Kазахстан

KEY NOTIONS OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS

Түйіндеме

Мақалада концептуалдық семантика, семантикалық прототип құрылымына қатысты танымдық лексикология және танымдық семантика мәселелері қарастырылған.

Резюме

В этой статье рассматривается концептуальная семантика, познавательная лексикология, характерная структуре познавательного прототипа и задачи познавательной семантики.

The basic terms of cognitive semantics are: frame, script, concepts, cognitive structures of knowledge.

In any case, by means of cognitive structures those are used to integrate information of a species, which makes them very close to the description of schemes, situations, and frames [1]. Cognitive structures, suggest the need to bring linguistic analysis as linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge, giving the multi-level nature of the semantic theory. Understanding of linguistic utterances is impossible without knowledge of the world, the reaction of a product of an individual to the environment. It is a cognitive approach to the study of the language system, according to which the most important phenomena of language, meaning, the rules of combination of meanings, grammatical categories, reasoning - is linguistic reflexes relevant to cognitive structures. In terms of the cognitive approach, the thinking man is a mechanism for handling knowledge. Treatment processes are determined by the method of knowledge representation, the central problem is not only cognitive, but also of artificial intelligence.

Frame - is a multi- volume concept, it is very closely related to the notion of a semantic field. The frame, being a gestalt, is of great interest to linguistic research. Original frames are of interest only to research in artificial intelligence

The frame can be defined as a stereotypical information [45, p.16], which makes it an important tool in the learning process, and, therefore, in categorization and conceptualization, in the process of recognition and identification. This is due to the fact that a person "by a change in separate parts» can "do it (cognitive data structure) suitable for understanding the broader class of objects or phenomena" [4].

The idea of frame-based networks has been adopted in the cognitive linguistics from programming. It combines the concept of lexical-semantic fields, frame-based theory and focused on the creation of semantic networks. The Semantic Web is a type of framing the network, but as it is used only in linguistics, and then we can call it a more general concept - the concept of framing the network. In papers on applied linguistics, we found the term 'thesaurus network'. At first sight between the concepts of thesaurus network and semantic network is not much distinction. The concept of "thesaurus network" used in applied linguistics and means in practice the same as the semantic web. The concept of "semantic web" is a new concept that is just beginning to be used in linguistics. It came into the linguistics from programming. This frame is subject, taxonomic frame, possessive frame, actional frame and comparative frame. In our opinion, the frame-based networks are not the five basic types of frames belonging to the same concept, but different concepts and components of frames.

The network consists of such frames and framing. From this we can conclude that all the language concepts can be combined into a single frame-based network, which is a model of the language. If we remember that the thesaurus - is the dictionary that reflects the vocabulary of the language in its entirety, this model will be called the language thesaurus network. Returning to the difference between the concepts of the semantic network and thesaurus network, we can now conclude that the semantic web, as a linguistic framing analog network is also a concept thesaurus network. It is too early to speak of a unified network of any language thesaurus, because there is no sufficient number of working material.

From all this we can conclude that the frame, being the type of lexical concept is the material for cognitive science and its further development, the science of integrating multiple of disciplines - in this case, linguistics and programming.

"Frame" is also featured as a common generic designation of a set of concepts such as: circuit, the script, the cognitive model. In the works on artificial intelligence, knowledge representation, and engineering we understand the structure under the frame of data (image) associated with the conceptual objects in memory and necessary for the representation of a typical / stereotypical situation, or the basic unit of knowledge representation. Along with the term frame we also use the term script / script situational model, cognitive model, a scene, a prototype circuit.

Scheme is "organized knowledge packets collected to represent separate independent units of knowledge". An important property of the scheme is its multidimensional nature, since the circuit corresponding to a particular object or phenomenon, we can fix a variety of information about him. As a result, the object can be referred to several schemes (appearance, functional features, and in accordance with the type of information required.

The scenario is the typical structure of the frame of an event / situation, combining the characteristics of the event / situation, or a data structure with respect to some topics; it is directly related to the situation [3]. The actions referred to a script running in the circumstances. Scenario frame usually allows two moves: the usual sequence or its breach, resulting in possible way out of the scene / situation. The hierarchical structure of the frame consists of a terminal node slots (terminals) and non-terminal nodes that contain specific details and information relating to the conceptual object that describes the frame, as well as data necessary for input procedure. The terminal is the subject and describes its specific features, as well as information about the relationships between objects, on how to use the frame, on its next action or an action to be performed, if the assumption is not justified. Different frames of a system describe one object from different angles. Representation of the text as a frame hierarchy reflects text building patterns and distribution of information. The analysis makes it possible to build a frame hierarchy of semantic relationships within the text. Framing for representing the semantics of the text is necessary to define as the transformational operations that modify the content, and when you save a form-defined convolution. Now we turn to the following basic concepts of cognitive semantics.

The emergence of cognitive linguistics has led to the widespread use of the term in linguistic research of a concept. Based on the fact that a person thinks by concepts, combining them and implementing a framework of concepts and their combinations underlying predication, creating new concepts in thinking and thinking is the manipulation of concepts as global units of structured knowledge, we consider the concept of a global mental unit, which is a quantum-structured knowledge.

Concept (concept; Konzept) - a unit of mental or psychic resources of our consciousness, rapid and meaningful unit of memory, mental lexicon, conceptual system and language of the brain (linguamentalis), the whole picture of the world, reflected in the human psyche. In the processes of human thinking concepts operate so that reflects the content of the results of human activity and knowledge of the world in the form of some "rays" of knowledge. Concepts arise in the structuring of information as an objective state of affairs in the world, and about imaginary worlds, and possible states of affairs in these worlds. Concepts reduce the diversity of observed and imagined events to something common, bringing them under one heading, and allow you to store knowledge about the world.

Cognitive science cannot yet answer the question of how concepts arise, except as indicated by the formation of meaning in general terms. It is believed that the best access to the description and definition of the nature of concepts provides language. Furthermore, some scientists believe that a simple concept is to be presented in a word, but a complex one is represented by phrases and sentences. According to some researchers [6], the analysis of lexical systems of languages may lead to the discovery of a small number of "primitive" (like someone, something, thing, place, and so forth), the combination of which can be described on the whole vocabulary of a language [6].

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Wierzbicka A. Lexicography and conceptual analysis. Ann Arbor: Karoma,1985.

2. Шенк Р. Обработка концептуальной информации. Пер. с англ. – М.: Энергия, 1980. – 361с.

3. Новиков А.И.Семантика текста и ее формализация. -М.: Наука, 1983.

4. Барвайс Дж, Перри Дж. Ситуация и установки. –В: Философия, логика, язык. Москва, 1987, стр. 264 – 293.

5. Молчанова Г.Г. Когнитивные проблемы категоризации: Свертка смысла и емкость текста // Материалы Первой международной школы- семинара по когнитивной лингвистике. – Тамбов, 1998. – С.48 - 51.