Социология / 14. Кадровый менеджмент

Сandidate of philosophical sciences, Igebaeva F. A.

Bashkir State Agrarian University, Russia

Migration and family stability

It should be noted that a city is not a closed self-reproducing social and demographic system. One of urban population reproduction characteristics is its rather unstable demographic structure. Higher dynamics of social and demographic structure of a city is sure to result in distortions in the ratio of gender and age groups.

“Bending” of demographic structure of urban population and therefore fluctuations in birth rate largely depend on the character of migration flows to cities and out of them. Migration mobility of population has an indirect impact on family stability. Higher youth rate in migration flows results in gender ratio violations destabilizing existing families for increased extramarital relations, more chances to choose sexual partners and so on.

Sampling studies conducted in Ufa showed that every second adult resident is a first generation citizen where more than a half of pollees (55,6%) are rural descents and 18,6 percent people come from small towns and industrial communities. It gives evidence that a large city population is developed thanks to alien people mostly from rural settlements [1, p.53].

What does this fact mean for population reproduction and family-marital relations? First of all it implies that some families having changed their residence retain former reproduction preferences that were developed while they lived in the country. As demographer investigations in different countries of the world show want for certain number of children in the family is developed in childhood and youth and this want is rather stable. Former living conditions, previous reproduction preferences are realized in a new social medium.

Migration of rural people to towns and cities results in changed lifestyle, development of new norms of behavior though it doesn’t happen at once. What is more, changing opinions on desirable number of children in the family depends on how long the spouses have been living in the city as well on their education and qualification. In a large city the level of education and qualification is higher than it is in small towns. But there is a contradictory situation: the level of education and qualification has different effect on birth rate but is directly related to divorce level. Thus, some part of city people come from the country being low-skilled workers are notable for intensive reproduction another more educated and qualified part with higher needs and wants for marriage and family isn’t very active in reproduction processes but in divorces.

Migration mobility appears to intensify social mobility of population. Meanwhile natural way of population reproduction can both stimulate and suspend intense migration. For example, higher youth and divorcement rate create special conditions for migration. On the other hand migration scale can reflect birth rate: worse living conditions of migrants, overall instability can cause deferred demand for children. Migration mobility seems to change birth date of the first or the second child but it doesn’t determine the number of children in the family. As it was mentioned previously rural descendants in the city change their reproduction preferences though it doesn’t take place immediately. As for aboriginal inhabitants, third-generation citizens, they are the very bearers of common stereotypes of city lifestyle including negative attitude to a large number of children in the family. Probably it is the very circumstance that makes difference between first- and third-generation city people [2, p. 142].

Hence birth rate can be influenced not only by means of economic incentives like higher wages and accommodation but indirect measures for regulating population migration. Still deforming demographic structure of urban population has negative demographic as well as social consequences. Uneven proportion of young and elderly men and women in marital fertile age prevents natural process of family formation and has extensive social implication [3, p. 259].

It goes without saying; professional, social and territorial mobility of citizens is reasonably required because it promotes development of new communities. On the other hand intense migration processes have a direct impact both on birth rate and urban family stability for worse living conditions of migrants can cause deferred demand for children; the time to adopt and change qualification result in economic and social and psychological difficulties in migrant families. We find here dialectically contradictory interrelation between migration mobility of population and family stability.

Feedback effect of family-marital relations on demographic development of the city is mainly produced in the way relations within the family affect migration mobility and marriage rate. It should be noted, a part of migrations is involuntary and caused by disharmony in family relations that intensify territorial mobility of the population and have negative impact on marriage and child birth dates [4, p.81].

Thus we can conclude that family instability results in deferred demand for children, attempts to change residence that all in one lead to smaller families with fewer children or one-parent families as well as misbalance in bride and groom age.

References:

1. Igebaeva F.A., 2013. Effect of migration processes on reproductive tenets of city people Science, education, society: development problems and issues. Collected scientific papers of international science-to-practice conference. In 10 volumes], pp. 52 - 53.

2. Igebaeva F., 2013. Way of life of the city family and factors of its destabilization.

Social and political sciences. 2013. No.1, pp.140 - 142.

3. Igebaeva F.A., 2005. Urban lifestyle impact on marriage relations // Modern world: economy, history, education, culture: collected science works]. Ufa: Bashkir SAU Publ., pp.257-263.

13. Igebaeva F., 2013. Peculiarities of demographic development of a city and family stability // Sociological and political sciences. International intrainstitutional scientific peer-reviewed journal, Moscow: «Yur-VAK» Publishing House, no. 2, pp. 79-81.