C.e.s., Daribayeva A.K.
Kazakh university of
economy, finance and international trade
Zhandarbekova D. D.
Kostanay
engineering economic university
Some
questions of the organization
and
compensations in agrarian sector of Kazakhstan
In the
conditions of the forthcoming accession to World Trade Organization and
activity within the Customs Union into the forefront demands to competitiveness
and directly related to questions of economic efficiency of agrarian sector,
business development in agriculture, productivity, the organization and
compensation are made.
Business development in agrarian sector of
Kazakhstan plays huge role in formation of stable market economy, to saturation
of the market by competitive agricultural production. In addition agrarian
business solves a big number of important social and economic tasks, such as:
formation of workplaces, increasing of the competition that, eventually, leads
to the unemployment reduction, reduction of prices of agricultural production.
The policy in the sphere of compensation of subjects of business in agriculture
is a component of its management, and efficiency of its activity because the
salary acts as one of the major incentives in rational use of labor depends on
it.
For production of competitive agricultural
production Kazakhstan is faced by a problem of implementation of high-tech
modernization of the agrarian and industrial complex, in this regard to one of
the priority directions of the important program document of the country -
Strategy "Kazakhstan-2050: the new political policy of the taken place
state" is "large-scale modernization of agriculture, especially in
the conditions of growing global demand for agricultural products" [1].
The agriculture contribution in the gross
domestic product the countries makes about 6% though nearly a half of the
population of the country (table 1) lives in rural areas.
Table 1
Share of agriculture in gross domestic product
structure, as a percentage
|
Indicators |
1991ã |
1997 ã |
2001 ã |
2004 ã |
2010 ã |
2011 ã. |
2012 ã. |
2013 ã. |
|
Gross internal product, in
% |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
|
Specific weight of agriculture in gross domestic product, in % |
34,0 |
12,1 |
8,1 |
7,9 |
6,4 |
5,0 |
4,3 |
4,5 |
|
Note: it is made by authors
on the basis of Agency data according to RK |
||||||||
As these tables 1 testify, steady
decrease in a share of gross domestic product in agriculture is noted in recent
years, so, in 2013 the share of agricultural production of gross domestic product
of the country made 4,5% that is nearly 7 times lower than level of 1991.
For years of
modern agrarian reforms the state lost control and ceased to regulate the
organization of compensation and terms of its delivery in the agricultural
enterprises, except for establishment of the minimum size of a salary and
natural payments. Due to these there were big gaps in compensation levels
between workers both in the agrarian and industrial complexes enterprises, and
between branches and territories.
Salary – one of forms
of remuneration for work. The salary represents the price of labor
corresponding to cost of consumer goods and services which provide labor
reproduction, satisfying material and spiritual needs of the worker and members
of his family.
One of basic elements of system of stimulation of
economic activity of country people is the salary which carries out the main -
stimulating function of rather high-performance work only in that case when
between results of work and remuneration close dependence is established that
allows to influence significantly productivity in agrarian sector of economy.
As economic event,
compensation I arose at a certain stage of development of commodity production
when there was an industrial capital, and in society – hired workers, on the
one hand, and businessmen – with another. Characteristic of a salary as that it
displays the relations at the heart of which there is a commodity character of
labor, that is sale by her worker on a labor market is considered categories of
commodity production.
Practical requirements
of labor activity caused the necessity of the deep analysis of the mechanism of
compensation as means of increase of labor productivity. The motivation of work
for the majority of workers consists in aspiration to gain high income. It led
to alienation of work and need of formation of market motivation of work. The
essence of market motivation of work consists in defining impact of social and
economic working conditions on nature of requirements, interests and values,
and finally motive of behavior of workers, relationship with society in the
course of production, distribution and consumption.
One of the main problems in the market of agrarian work is the low wage. We
will carry out the comparative analysis of a salary in agriculture with other
branches. Average monthly salaries and real wage index are presented in table 2
on primary activities in the republic.
From data of table 2 it is visible that in agriculture low level of
compensation, is almost twice less national average (in 2013 an average monthly
salary in agriculture of 63 488 tenges, as a whole on the republic – 108941
tenges). The salary remains to the highest still in extracting branches and in
the financial sphere.
Table 2
Average monthly salary and real wage index on
primary activities in 2013
|
Kinds of activity |
Average monthly salary 1 slave,
tenge |
In % by 2012 |
Real wage index |
|
Agriculture, hunting and
forestry |
63 488 |
113,9 |
108,7 |
|
Industry |
180 505 |
110,2 |
105,2 |
|
Mining industry |
274 299 |
110,8 |
105,8 |
|
Transport and communication |
217 914 |
129,3 |
123,4 |
|
Financial activity |
275 077 |
102,7 |
98,1 |
|
Public administration |
126 578 |
101,1 |
96,5 |
|
On the average on the republic |
108941 |
106,7 |
102,6 |
|
Note: it is made by authors on the basis of Agency
data according to RK |
|||
Thus, it would be desirable to note that «the modern state and intra firm
policy of a salary has to be directed on increase of level of payment to the
sizes providing a worthy standard of living working» [2].
The market structure of
an economic mechanism of the country in a complex, it assumes existence of the
interconnected markets: consumer goods, means of production, capital, labor and
others. Basic elements of the market of labor are demand, the offer and its
price. At the present stage of development of economy of our country one of the
central places occupies development of systems of motivation of work, and, in
particular, effective compensation of workers.
In the enterprise
interaction of the worker and the businessman is carried out by work rationing
(numerical and high-quality definition of labor obligations of the worker) and
introduction of systems of payment (establishing quantitatively defining
coherence between norms of work and a salary rate). Realization of the
effective mechanism of compensation is impossible without motivational
component. After the end of process of work work products – substance of the nature,
subjects or other objects possessing necessary properties and adapted for human
wants are formed.
The market mechanism is directed on growth of production efficiency and,
therefore, on elimination of inefficient workplaces, on release of the workers
who aren't meeting the requirements of demand [3].
In order that in modern
conditions of market economy creation of products of work was effective, that
is would bring benefit to society, it is necessary to organize compensation of
workers of agriculture correctly. The salary as a payment to the worker for his work
has to correspond to made energy consumption. Only the main indicator of efficiency
of use of a manpower – labor productivity will raise then.
Now at the agricultural
enterprises there are constant and variable parts of a salary. Basic
payment reflects the market value of the worker according to his skills and
competence, the variable part is directed on stimulation of efforts for
improvement of quality of work. The modified basic salaries have a form of
price-work, mark system. The variable part depends on change of quality
of performance of work by the employee, an exit of its labor efforts for a
framework of necessary volume.
Commission payments and
awards belong to other types of material stimulation. Commissions are payments
to the employee in a certain proportion from the income which he in brings to
the enterprise. Awards represent the fixed sums paid to workers over a basic
salary for the significant contribution to activity of the enterprise. As the basis
for payment of an award can act: early implementation of the drawn-up plan,
work or products improvement of quality, decrease in labor input of work,
successful conclusion on certain indicators of year, quarter, month.
Work in agriculture has
a number of features which reflects specifics of branch. Climatic conditions and
quality of the earth have a great impact on efficiency of work in agriculture.
In this regard identical labor expenses in separate climatic zones yield
absolutely different results of production.
In agriculture the seasonal nature of production
caused by discrepancy of time with the working period has essential impact on
efficiency of use of work. Due to the seasonality of work the considerable need
for labor increases in agriculture during crops, landing of crops and
harvesting. At the same time during the winter period in branches of plant growing
labor redundancy is observed.
In agricultural
production narrow specialization of work is impossible. The variety of types of
works and short terms of their performance leads to that many workers in
agriculture combine a number of labor functions.
In agriculture lower
level of mechanization of labor processes in plant growing and animal husbandry
is observed. The considerable part of works by preparation of seeds and a landing
material, care of plants, cleaning and commodity completion of production in
plant growing is carried out manually. In animal husbandry works on distribution of
forages, manure cleaning, care of young growth of animals manually are
partially performed.
In agrarian sector low
social working conditions and rest are noted considerably. The vast majority
of labor processes are carried out in the open air, under the influence of
various weather and climatic conditions: high and low temperatures,
precipitation, solar radiation, dust, dirt and others. At the same time
security of the population with objects of social infrastructure here is much
lower, than in other branches and in the city district. All this does
agricultural work unattractive and not esthetic.
One of the integral factors of reproduction of
high-quality labor is also salary level. In modern conditions there was such
situation at which the average salary in agrarian sector of economy isn't
capable to compensate expenses of country people on a full reconstruction of
the labor potential [4].
At the same time, in the market of agrarian work because of influence of
world financial crisis there was a critical situation that is characterized by
lack of the mechanism of independent regulation of the regional market of
agrarian work, a low susceptibility to external influences and the measures directed
on its conclusion from crisis.
Thus, it is possible to allocate two main
problems of the organization of compensation in agrarian sector of the Republic
of Kazakhstan. First, level of compensation is much lower in the agricultural
enterprises that promotes outflow of villagers to the city. And, secondly,
almost in all enterprises of agrarian sector work on revision of outdated norms
of work and decrease in labor input of production isn't carried out.
Performance by a salary of the functions is
realized through its organization, that is the compromise between interests of
the worker and the employer is reached. The compensation organization at the
enterprise, first of all, includes formation of fund of compensation which
consists of the main and additional part, work rationing, establishment of
tariff system and definition of forms and salary systems. The main criterion at
the salary organization at the enterprise and its efficiency is ensuring real
growth of a salary at decrease in its expenses for a unit of production and a
guarantee of increase of compensation of each worker in process of growth of
efficiency of activity of the enterprise as a whole.
In this regard, further work on state
regulation of subsidized incentives and alignment of level of the income of
country people concerning the industry, questions of distribution and
redistribution of labor, creation of new workplaces, and also development of
measures for increase of a salary and system of labor motivation, optimization
of intersectoral differentiation of a salary is necessary.
Thus, the salary in agrarian sector
irrespective of forms and systems of compensation is the main motivator of
increase of labor activity of workers and, as a result, labor productivity
growth.
Literature
1.
The message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – the Leader of
the nation N. Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan «Strategy Kazakhstan-2050:
new political policy of the taken place state»//Kostanaysky news of December
20, 2012.
2.
V. Potudanskaya, D. Shaykin.
Directions of strategy of improvement of quality of labor potential. // Work in
Kazakhstan: Problems. Facts. Comments. – 2010 . - No. 3 – page 2-5.
3.
Labor market: Textbook. /
Under the editorship of the prof. V.S.Bulanov and the prof. N. A. Volgin. – 2nd
prod. reslave. and additional - Ekzamen Publishing house, 2003. – 480 pages.
4.
Chelebdzhanov E.B. Formirovaniye of effective system of work
incentives in agrarian sector ýêîíîìèêè.//the Magazine of
scientific publications of graduate students and doctoral candidates. – 2013. -
No. 6.