History/ General History

DEVELOPMENT OF FAIR TRADE in Turgai and Turgay County in the early XXth century.

A.Eralina

Kostanai State University named after A. Baitursynov, Kostanai

Every year, the role of Turgai fairs increased among the steppe fairs of Asian Russia. They played an important role in the regional economy At the beginning of the twentieth century trade is developing in Turgai and Turgay district. There were three types of trade in the county: fairs, permanent and temporary (the exchange). Turgay was famous for its fair Steppe throughout the region.

According to the recollections of old-timers, fairground was located on the southwestern outskirts of the city. Fairs were held since 1908 in Turgai twice a year, namely from May 25 to June 8, and in winter – from the10th to 20^th of December.
Fairs were held for sale and marketing of agricultural products. For example, the Kazakhs produced wooden products in sufficient quantity, which received in exchange. To the fair the flocks of sheep and herds of horses were brought, which mainly bought by Russian and Tatar merchants. Here, animal health of cattle sold at fairs in Thurgau was paid special attention to. For its regulations compulsory agreements were taken, one of which for the city and the city Irgiz Turgay was published in 1892, and the other was published in the pages of the regional newspaper "Turgai regional news" in the early twentieth century for enhanced oversight. [1, С.39]; [2, С.148]; [3

In 1902, in the month of May Fair was held, which in many cattle was matched by the Kazakhs. Cattle were sold at a high price, in particular sheep sold: buydakov for 5-5 1/2 rubles., Kurgashek - 3 rubles., Kunape - 7 and 7 rub. 50 kopecks., Cattle - 15 rubles. and up to 60 rubles., as for the horses that they were very expensive too. Merchants were from Kostanay, Troitsk, Irgiz and Orsk, due to the influx of nonresident traders, the price of the manufactory and clothing items were dropped due to lack of local merchants competition. Следует отметить, что город Тургай за время ярмарки за аренду лавок и торговых мест получил более 1230 рублей, сбор же с рогатого, крупного и мелкого скота и сырья в 1902 году был впервые сдан городскому управлению с торгов, который был начат с 500 руб. и взят за 701 руб. [4].С другими разными доходами город получил от ярмарки 3000 руб. Nonresident merchants with this fair had a large profit, so they immediately filed in urban governance statement surrender them to rent at a future fair stalls. It should be noted that the city Turgay for the fair rent for stores and shopping places received more than 1230 rubles, with a collection of horned cattle and sheep, and raw materials in 1902, was first put on urban management from the auction, which was launched with 500 rubles. and taken for 701 rubles. [4]. With other miscellaneous income city received from the fair of 3,000 rubles.

Fair helped to attract the Kazakh people in the region's economy, attracting many to transactions It should be noted that during the fair Fair Committee was formed, which included MPs from the Kazakhs. So in 1910 Suyun Atabaev was a deputy and Lectorsky was a chairman and a assistant of the district chief . Garf was a Head of Turgay county, highly appreciating the work of the committee, said: "Suyun Atabaev, despite the fact that his presence in the fair committee unprofitable reflected on his personal trading affairs, during the whole
Fair was very careful in their parliamentary duties "[5, L.174]. Also at the fair the police guards (two) were hired to oversee, who were paid 10 rubles each
5, Л.169].

To Turgai fair livestock for sale were fetched from the same county townships. So in December 1909 for the sale of cattle driven in not a large amount, the raw materials were brought from nearby townships: Chubalanskoy, Tusunskoy, Akkumskoy, Karakuginskoy, Karaturgayskoy Kaydaulskoy and in large quantities.

It should be noted that the weather conditions affect the course and outcome of fairs, so fair in December 1909 7 people of non-resident traders came from, and brought with them the manufacturing and other goods to 29000 rub. About 3,000 tons of wheat - 2000 pounds of flour were brought. The price of bread was: wheat flour 1 rub. 35 kopecks. 1 RUR. 70k. and wheat from 1 rub. 25 kopecks. 1 ruble.45 kopecks. The December 1910 fair draper, tea, sugar, Bukhara goods were brought to the amount of 46,200 rubles., As well as traded in the amount of bread Kustanais'ka 12900 rubles. Fair was a success, despite the small representation of traders [5,Л.168,210].

Every year the role of Turgai fairs among Asian steppe Russia increased. They played an important role in the regional economy. Only in 1911, only one season, the goods at the fair was sold at 1,010,925 rubles., Whereas in 1914 this amount increased to 1,868,465 rubles., That was more than half of total turnover from fairs to Turgay region. Total turnover amounted to 3472881 rubles. For rental shops and urban locations fairgrounds in Turgai in 1914 have been earned 9605 rubles. 25 kopecks [1, С.40].

At the fair poor Kazakhs -exchanged good wool or hide a pound of tea or sugar, thereby making unequal exchange, and became victims of arbitrary trader and merchant.Thus, during the last days of the May Fair in 1911 one case of fraud as a commodity allowed by the trading firm Wacker of Troitsk was detected. This company sold cranberry leaf tea instead of ordinary Chinese, and, for a more successful cheating customers, this cranberry leaf was wrapped in the same packaging and labels, as well as Chinese tea. To prosecute this company representative Aaron Wacker was sentenced for fraud to prison for six weeks. So he was punished for cheating traders Turgai fair, and further strictly monitored quality of goods [5, Л.233,237].

Thus, in the December 1909 fair about 3000 pounds of flour were brought at a price of 1 ruble 35 kopecks. to 1 rub.70 cop. sold, while wheat of 2,000 pounds sold from 1 rub.25 cop. rub.45kop to 1. The sellers sold flour successfully. Basically bread products at the fair in Turgay were brought from Kustanai county, the county population subsequently began to buy grain from merchants of Atbasar County [5, Л.168,210,287].

The inhabitants of Turgay were engaged not only in the purchasing of goods, but also the opening of trade institutions. In 1912 there were only 52 shops in the town, and in the county - 16. In Turgai a tavern was opened.

Basically in Turgai animal products and fish were sold. Various vegetables, and if there were on sale, the prices constantly were high. For example, pounds of potatoes were worth 1 ruble. Its sale was very little. A cabbage was estimated at 25 - 30 kopecks. A dozen eggs cost 40 kopecks. Pound of butter - 40 kopecks. British wheat bread - 4-5 kopecks. Pound of wheat flour - 1 rub. 40 kopecks. 1 RUR. 80 kopecks. Pound semolina - 2 rubles. 40 kopecks. Meat - 6 cop. Despite the fact that the town was small, and the needs are very modest - life in it was a very expensive [6].

With the development of trade a small group of the population enriched and the vast mass of the population of the steppe impoverished, which went into town or to the mines to work. Same position of the workers was also very heavy. Scattered on small, artisanal type enterprises workers, especially workers Kazakhs exploited. Hard labor for working-Kazakhs pay the lowest fee - from 10 to 35 cents a day. Especially difficult was the situation of workers in the mining industry.

Thus, the beginning of the twentieth century in the economic life of Turgay County Livestock structural change, the development of all forms of trade, the progressive development of the mining industry and businesses in the primary processing of agricultural products were characterized with.

The list if used literature:

1. Обзоры Тургайской области за 1914 год.- Оренбург., 1915. С.31.

2. Общий хозяйственный очерк Тургайского уезда // Известия ИРГО- Оренбург., 1911. С.142.

3. Тургайские областные ведомости. 13.08.1911.

4. Тургайская газета. 27.07.1902. № 172. /4/.

5. ЦГА РК Ф.25, Оп.1, Д.1529, Лл.5, 68, 99, Л.178;

Обзоры тургайской области за 1911 год и за 1914 год.- Оренбург., 1912, 1915. Ведомости.

6. Корреспонденция (Из г. Тургая). // Тургайская газета. 01. 01. 1902. № 1. /3/.