History / 2. General History

Doctor of historical sciences, professor Z.E.Kabuldinov,

PhD student M.M.Kozybayeva

LN Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Republic of Kazakhstan

Beautification and sanitary control of towns

in Northern Kazakhstan 1920-1930s

The study of the social history of individual regions is actual direction of modern historical scholarship. The study of everyday life in the cities of Northern Kazakhstan, including features and improvement of sanitary appearance in 1920-1930s helps to determine the welfare of the urban population, identify the main directions of the Soviet social policy. Ones of the largest cities by population were Akmola, Kostanai, Petropavlovsk. In preparing the articles were used archival materials and data periodicals of those years, and published works of scientists of Zh.Kasymbaev, N. Agubaev, G.A.Alpyspaeva, Ya.K.Duhin, I.K. Ternovoi, S.V. Samarkin and others scientific works dedicated to the history of these cities.

Externally these cities until the second half of the 1930s represented the province, as the provincial and district centers. The status of these towns was changed dramatically with the formation of Kazakh SSR: Kostanay and Petropavlovsk became regional centers in 1936, Pavlodar in 1938, Akmolinsk in 1939. The main problems of urban upgrading were: construction of bridges over the river Ishim (Akmolinsk), Irtysh (Pavlodar, Petropavlovsk), Tobol (Kustanai), which played a huge role in the economy of the region.

Since the early 1920s, urban streets covered electricity, the cities were developed by telephone lines, took place o-called communist subbotniks, streets and parks were settled down.

In the 20 years in the cities was made a system of health surveillance. Circular order CGN RSFSR № 46-2 \ 31 on January 31, 1925, signed by Semashko authorities of each city and the village had to make a special card stories sanitary condition, which contained a detailed description of the state of the central water supply, sewerage, waste, public restrooms , specifies information about the removal of sewage and garbage, garbage hauling. Implementing this directive, Akmola uispolkom in March of this year takes a special decree on compulsory sanitary condition of Akmola. It outlined a series of measures to protect drinking water, soil and food sanitary protection. Municipal department had the duty to take account of all sources of water for the city, including the Ishim, strict rules were prescribed equipment wells forbidden descent into the river water from baths and factories, washing hemp. Bathing humans and animals, wash underwear set aside strictly defined places. Introduced mandatory sanitary inspection sellers markets, introduced strict rules on the trading markets, prohibit the sale of beverages in barrels, casks, bottles.

At township executive committees were created health tips. Acted special instruction that regulatory responsibilities sanitary triples.Health status was monitored by institutions, factories, businesses, households and citizens in the urban district. Sanitary doctors were given the right instructions for the purpose of sanitary inspections at all, without exception, public and private space. They put before the Soviet executive bodies questions about imposing penalties in administrative proceedings for violation of sanitary requirements. They also had the right to bring proceedings in the local people's courts, to hold perpetrators accountable for violating sanitary requirements and act as official prosecutors or experts. Educational institutions were fixed for health workers who are not at least two visits to the school for the purpose of sanitation.

For example, according to the GA Alpyspaeva, in 1927 in accordance with the developed questionnaire consisting of 22 questions on the sanitary condition of houses and surrounding farmsteads, in Akmolinsk 954 households were surveyed. Of these, 669 wooden houses, 249 - adobe, 29 - stone. By the level of humidity: raw - 283 houses, dry - 619 houses. On the sanitary condition: net Category I - 173, net Category II - 380, net of category III - 423 houses. Besides houses, sanitary survey underwent three tanneries, intestinal and soap plants, slaughterhouses 2, 3 market (petty, wood and bestial), 11 schools, poorhouse, 18 inns, dining rooms, taverns, delicatessen, bakery, candy factory. Based on the audit were closed 1 sausage and 1 candy factory, and several inns. For violation of sanitary norms established administrative sanction - a fine of 300 rubles. Often resorted to criminal punishment by detention for a period of 3 months.

The main objectives of urban beautification in the 1930s, the become problems of landscaping, capital construction, development of municipal services. The municipal communal services in the cities of Northern Kazakhstan has played an important role in addressing the issues of life, family, livelihood. In his charge were all residential and non-residential buildings, land, roads, sidewalks, bridges, power stations, factories, building institutions, cleaning and cleaning, afforestation, hotels. For example, the municipal government of the city of Kustanai in the years 1928-1930 also includes 105 homes, 27 retail shops, 33 warehouses, saunas, power plant. This has strengthened control over the beautification of the city.

Thus, the analysis of problems and sanitary conditions of cities in Northern Kazakhstan showed that the improvement depended on the general economic situation in the country, as well as from the status of cities.