Khazipova V, Demidov I., Stepanenko T.

Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture

USAGE OF VEGETABLE OIL PRODUCTION WASTE AS A BIOFUEL

Production of vegetable oil in Ukraine is a powerful agro-industrial complex, which consolidates producers of seeds and fat-and-oil goods.

Basically, industry focused on the production of sunflower oil and related goods. In total production of oilseeds in Ukraine sunflower takes more than 90%, and in the sown area of not less than 10%. Country ranks third place in world rating after Argentina and Russia, providing from 7 to 12% of world production of sunflower.

The unique natural and climatic conditions allow Ukraine to grow sunflower practically throughout the country In recent years Ukraine has become one of the world leaders in sunflower growing, production and export of sunflower oil, according to information of Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine. In 2007, domestic producers raised 19% of world's crop of sunflower seeds (5.3 of 28 million tons) and produced 20% of sunflower oil (2.1 of 10 million tons) [1].

Vegetable oils are mainly used for food purposes and may be used directly in food ( refined - for frying or- as a salad additive, etc.).

Vegetable oils contain significant amounts of phosphatides : sunflower 0,2-1,4 %, 0.5-2.5% cotton , soybean 3.5 %. Vegetable oils obtained through process of extraction , contain usually much more phosphatides than oils obtained through seed pressing process.

Oil contain relatively small amounts of phospholipids, but as a result of its high chemical reactivity phospholipids significantly affect the quality of oil and its overall properties. Phospholipids are not chemically stable in unrefined oil, even small amounts of moisture ( 0 -1-0,2 %), and oil mass will produce a precipitate, thus vegetable oil production requires a process of phospholipids extraction.

Vegetable oil industry uses various schemes of dehydration. They differ by: equipment, that being utilized for thus process; technical and chemical parameters and nature of processed oil. But mentioned technology always involves the following basic steps:

- oil and hydro agent mixing;

- phospholipids coagulation;

- formed fraction separation ;

- final product dehydration.

Following of all of the necessary conditions improves some quality parameters of oil: acid value decreased to 0.2-0.5 mg KOH / g - mainly as a result of acidic phospholipids withdrawal.

Obtained through hydration process precipitate containes phosphatides, oil , water and impurities. Phosphatides percentage in the sediment ranges from 40 to 50% in anhydrous product, impurities - from 5 to 9% , everything else is final product - oil. By itself precipitates are on the one hand - industrial waste on the other is a valuable secondary raw material that holds up to 41-55 % of vegetable oil in terms of anhydrous product. Such kind of industrial waste could be used as a high-grade fuel and it would be cost-wise to use it in a heat creation and power purposes. Such a way of industrial waste disposal contributes to the law of Ukraine "On alternative fuels ," according to which there is a necessity for increasing the use of alternative fuels up to 20 % of the total fuel consumption in Ukraine Industrial waste obtained through a process of oil production compared with a diesel fuel has a higher viscosity. In its structure there are complex molecular structures with long carbohydrate chains , which determines a higher flash point . The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. At the flash point, the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed. To reduce viscosity and lower the flash point it is recommended to create a mixture of diesel fuel and oil waste. To widespread use of biofuel in various industries we need to develop the right technologyr. The aim of this work - the optimization of various formulations of creating bio fuel for its utilization in heat-only boiler station.

To achieve this goal settled the following tasks:

- Preparation of mixtures of two formulations : liquid waste of vegetable sunflower oil/diesel fuel in ratio of 90/10 %, , and 70 /30 %. respectively

- Determine the main physical and chemical characteristics of composite and diesel fuels.

Obtained composite fuel, which has 30% of diesel fuel in its mass does not meet certain technical requirements for its utilization in a heat-only boiler station: it does not match the following physical and chemical properties such as viscosity, density, acid value . Therefore, a composite fuel with 30/70% ratio cannot be used in heat-only boilers .

Creating a composite structure of the fuel with a ratio of 10% of a diesel fuel and 90 % of the vegetable oil waste will be equivalent to the physical and chemical properties of petroleum diesel. With this new composite fuel composition will not contain oil components , and therefore will not experience deterioration of environmental influence performance .

In a Table 1 are given values of physical and chemical characteristics of petroleum diesel fuel (DT) and composite .

Table 1 - Physical and chemical characteristics of fuels

Index	Diesel	Composite fuel
Cetane number	at least 45	53
K and M at 20 ^°C^, mm^2 / s	1,8-6,0	4.1
Density at 20^o C^, kg / m^3 (max)	860	864
Flash point in closed cup 20^o C	35-80	60
The content of water-soluble acids	Not found	Not found
Acidity, mg KOH per 100cm^3 fuel	0.2	0.22
Ash content,%, (max)	0.01	0.0 06
The content of water	Not found	Not found

As the data shows, the composite fuel meets almost all parameters of standard diesel fuel. In addition, the environmental performance of the proposed consumption better than standard diesel fuel (Table 2).

Table 2 - Environmental characteristics of Composite and Diesel fuels

Harmful substances,%	Diesel fuel	Composite fuel
Carbon monoxide (II)	0.22	0.13
Dinitrogen oxide	0,005	0,001

Comparative tests were carried out in normal assembly of technological units for a heat-only boiler. The data shows that use of composite fuel results in lower level of carbon monoxide.

The use of composite fuel technology allows us to create high environmental performance by eliminating use of toxic petroleum origin, to reduce harmful effects to the environment.

Composite fuel has several advantages:

- non-toxic. Contains almost no sulfur and no aromatic hydrocarbons;

- provides a significant reduction in harmful emissions during combustion in industrial units;

- it is a renewable resource - waste of vegetable oil production.