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Философия/6 Философия науки
Rakhmatullin
Rafael Yusupovich
Bashkir State Agrarian
University, Russia
Development as a philosophical category
Annotation.
Development is an irreversible, directed and qualitative change in the system.
These are different from the movement. Progress and regress are two kinds of
development.
Keywords:
development, progress, regress, dialectics
The problem
of development is the most important ontological category. It was developed in
ancient philosophy and in the works of the classics of world philosophy. An
important stage in the development of this category is the philosophy of Hegel.
In Ontology Hegel appeared the task of explaining the cause of the development
of the Absolute Idea, its self-movement. Hegel comes to the solution of the
problem by analyzing the concept of "identity". He concludes that
each object is equal to itself, and is not equal to itself. This meant that all
objects are contradictory and represent a struggle between two opposing forces.
It is this struggle that is the source of development [1]. Thus, Hegel forms
the most important law of dialectics - the law of unity and struggle of
opposites. This law in Marxist philosophy is considered as a tool for
explaining the causes of development.
The effect of this law extends both
to an inanimate nature, and to the organic, social world, to the domain of
cognition. For example, in the social world, it manifests itself in the form of
a contradiction between tradition and innovation, traditionalism and liberalism
[2]. In inanimate nature – this is a contradiction between negatively charged
and positively charged elementary particles, attraction and repulsion, etc. In
the biological world it is an intraspecific and interspecific struggle (it manifests itself in the form of
natural selection discovered by Charles Darwin). The source of the development
of science are numerous contradictions:
a) between empirical and theoretical
knowledge;
b) between scientific schools;
c) economics and science;
d) politics and science;
e) religion and science
g) ideology and science [3; 4]
There is an opinion that dialectics
is outdated and that it must give way to synergetics.
We do not think so. In fact, synergetics claims the
same thing as dialectics. For example, synergetics
argue that the cause of development is the lack of symmetry, the lack of
equilibrium in the system. But the contradiction is the lack of balance! For
example, the contradictions between political parties and elites disrupt the balance
in society and lead to its change. True, this can have bad consequences for society.
Not every resolution of the contradiction leads to progress. But then the question
arises: is the contradiction always a source of development? If not always,
then the law of unity and struggle of opposites is not universal!
In connection with this problem in
the 1960s, the problem of determining development developed in Soviet
dialectics. It was suggested that progress should be considered a development
type. Another type of development, in this case, is regression. As a result,
the following definition appeared: "Development is an irreversible,
directed, regular change in material and ideal objects" [5, p. 561].
We believe that there is one logical
mistake in this definition, which is called a "too broad definition."
The point is that it involves both quantitative and qualitative changes. But
there is another law of dialectics, formulated by Hegel. This is the law of the
transition of quantitative changes to qualitative changes. This law states that
quantitative changes have a limit. Overcoming this limit always leads to a
qualitative change in the system. As can be seen, here, development is
understood only as a qualitative change. Why so? The fact is that quantitative
changes can be reversible: for example, you can raise the temperature of water
by ten degrees, and then cool it, too, by ten degrees. Here about any
development speech can not go. But if we cool the
water to minus five degrees, then it will go to another aggregate state - ice. This is already a qualitative
change.
Conclusions:
1.
The concept of progress in terms of volume is less than the concept of development.
2.
The concepts of progress and regress are appraisal statements, like the concepts
of bad and good. Therefore, they can not be
considered philosophical categories.
3.
Development is an irreversible, directed and qualitative change of the system.
4.
Development is a kind of movement.
5.
Like the movement, development is universal.Выводы:
Literature:
1.
Гегель Г.
Философия духа // Энциклопедия философских наук. М.: Мысль, 1977. Т. 1. С.
350–364.
2. Рахматуллин Р.Ю., Семенова Э.Р. Традиционализм и
либерализм в свете философии права // Научный вестник Омской академии МВД
России. 2014. № 1 (52). С. 41-44.
3. Рахматуллин Р.Ю.
Историческое знание в контексте философии науки // Вестник ВЭГУ. 2015. № 3
(77). С. 129-137.
4. Рахматуллин Р.Ю., Семенова Э.Р. Генезис эпистемологического конструктивизма в европейской философии // Исторические, философские, политические и юридические науки, культурология и искусствоведение. Вопросы теории и практики. 2016. № 4-1 (66). С. 151-153.
5. Юдин Э.Г. Развитие // Философский энциклопедический словарь. М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1983. 840 с.