Tazhiyeva Saltanat

Kazakh National Pedagogical University names after Abay

PhD doctoral candidate

Some tasks of scientific everyday history

Since the Republic of Kazakhstan took independence, the science of history is strongly developing. However, the history of Kazakhstan to this time was consisted of political history and macro history. That is, our researchers paid attention deeply to the different historical events and to the general questions. Each period of tsars and kings, ambassadors, statesmen and the life of judges, wars and conflicts etc. was investigated, that time simply people’s daily life with own perception the world remained outside of attention. That is, the history was far from certain history factors, the attention was paid to the global importance, common view found the appearance. Here there were no place to the people’s personal cases and personal senses. So the history got crisis. In the XX 70th years historical crisis of the west countries is just affecting to the development of national history. The « Historical clearness » this meaning was returned to examine again, with its historian’s self likeness, his professional independence, source of fact’s authenticity was examined again. To overcome the crisis historians began to think up new ideas and methods, within the attention was much given to the « daily» category. In the beginning of XX century history of people’s daily life was investigated. Today the attention is paid to investigate certain periods of history, person’s life, custom and tradition, the way of life, in the science of Kazakhstan “daily history” is not systematically fully put as an important branch of history science. And in west European science the interest to the “daily history” was appeared in ХХ century. Scientists were assured that the investigation people’s daily life was also very important. Not only historians are investigating daily life, also sociologists, politicians, philosophers are involved. For instance, Max Weber writes “the sociology science should deal with human’s humanistic action”. Due to Weber the new terms « understanding », « analysis » is included to the daily life history [1].

“E. Husserl’s following phenomenology of paying much attention to the human’s daily experience he explains experimental and theoretical reasons with his new method. He discovers “clear” truth through the phenomenology reduction (whole the world is in bracket, the result is the selection of information without doubt)”, - talks V.N. Syrov and in his article he made the analysis to the E. Husserl’s book [2]. Basing to the phenomenology basis founder’s view, we can find that the first is clearness not characterized in the world of natural science and mathematical physics, we can find from simple world that surrounds us. Our article is devoted to the “daily history” one important branch of history science and we tried to answer to the simple questions what it is and what investigates, what place takes in history science? “The daily term” is used in a different way. S.I. Ozhegov determined daily life as an everyday life [3]. In A.S. Ahiezer’s conception daily is human’s personal life complemented by the functions as labor, way of life, weekend, anxiety.

Every day is view of people’s mass consciousness and their image of traditional image. Daily history is one of branch of history that investigates people’s daily sphere in historical cultural, political event, ethnic and in confessional context. That is, the investigation of human’s life from the beginning to the end of his life. Daily life is human’s living, and his happy times, offense, falling in love, hate, his opinion about life, his action in society, his opinion about different events and his dissatisfaction, cloth wearing standard, eating discipline, the level of entertainment, family relationship in his course of life. It is true that only macro history was written, such daily life is not paid attention. I.B. Butenko said: “only around daily life a man is born and grows, culture, art, science and religion develop [4]”. Certainly, without working man’s daily labor, society’s economic life, culture does not move forward, does not change positively. Unfortunately, until this time labor human’s this life is out of the attention of investigators. It is said above that the history was consisted of important people’s life and different wars etc. For example, rich, we pay attention to the prosperous man’s life, and cattleman’s daily life that grazes thousands of cattle for weeks, he did not see his home and family for month, and slave woman’s daily life that did the household, cooked the meal etc. was not investigated. If the simple cattleman’s daily life was investigated, we would have clear appearance of the real character of rich man that gave work, number of his cattle, the way of life in that time. Here, daily history mainly pays attention to this position. Until this time micro history is out of attention, and history got crisis. In order to solve this problem, scientists began to investigate daily life, as a result in the ХХ 60th years the history of daily life was appeared in humanitarian sciences. Nowadays historical science’s paradigm of the deep investigation, historical language, intellectual direction is being changed, is getting deep inside change.

In the beginning of ХХ century the representatives of school “Annals” clearly showed new necessities of historical cognition. They are: Mark Block, Lucien Feb, Fernando Brodel. In the ХХ 30th years “Annals” began to investigate simple workers moved from “famous people’s history” contrary to “ordinary people’s history”, they were the object of research. Now the history was not investigated from top, it was investigated from bottom. Human’s geography, history of the material culture, historical anthropology, social psychology these subjects were provided.

Fernando Brodel offered two levels of “structure” of any society’s economy: material life and not material life. The last covered human’s psychology and daily practice. The second level he called «structure of everyday». To these belong geographical and ecological situation that surround human, labor activity, necessities (shelter, food, clothing, health), possibilities to satisfy them (through the technique or technology). In F. Brodel’s work «Material economy and capitalism (ХҮ-ХҮІІІ V.V.) » and in his first book «Structures of everyday life: the possible and the impossible» old order of material life and confusions in different level of historical truth, time and space diagnostics such kind of philosophical historical ideas are clearly seen [5].

In the ХХ 60-90th years west science increased interest to the daily history. The first works were appeared that discussed daily life question. In «Odyssey» almanac the system of special articles were printed for explanation daily life history theory. The articles of G.I.Zvereva («the Reality and the historical narrative: the problem of self-reflection of a new intellectual history»), G.S. Knaben («the Socio-historical knowledge of the second half of the twentieth century, it dead-ends and the possibilities of their overcoming»), A.Y.Gurevich («the Historian of the late twentieth century in search of a method») were published. In the article of S. V. Obolenskaya «Someone Josef Schaefer, soldier of Hitler's Wehrmacht» daily life history investigation method was explained by taking the example from Josef Schaefer’s personal life. In 1990 I.Y. Bisk’s work that investigated daily life of Republic Weimar was appeared. He described German people’s daily life in Weimar time. I.Y. Bisk reported proving information foods, clothing, condition of life etc. by giving exact examples. The theoretical explanation is given to the "daily " meaning in the articles of G.S.Knabe, А. Y.Gurevich, G.I.Zvereva, the article of S.V. Obolenskya and monograph of I.Y. Bisk are historical works that tried to explain "daily life" meaning by exact examples [6].

West Europe people first investigated daily history problem, within German scientists work was very huge. “Except the state policy and the global social structure tendencies analysis, let us begin to investigate daily people’s life” this slogan was spread. In 1984 on 5-6 of October daily history problem’s discussion passed in Berlin. By Y. Kokkan edited discussion materials printed with this title «The history of the top - history to the bottom». Philosopher Alfred Shyuts (1899-1959) added large work to investigate daily question. The material of A.Shyuts described phenomenological structure viewpoint of daily mind, everyday is the contrast quality of color. A.Shyuts wrote: «daily exists, we encounter in everyday life, but reserved contents of non consciousnesses, structure of language, did not realize full the unknown forms of the archetype. It is an action, emotion, serves for the initial search for all the people who lived before and who is living on the planet, but is not noticed: the air we breathe; the eyes we see the world; each day, the way we walk. Therefore, it is daily: provides whole days from birth up to the end of the breathing.......». A.Shyuts entered into the circulation conceptions « historical daily correct importance», « sociological accepted model conditions», preparing questions about their genesis and the modernization human thoughts, investigate daily character and their appearance like these conceptions have methodical importance [7]. Not only in west in historiography of neighboring Russia paid much attention to the special methodological aspects dedicated to the daily life history. In 2002 year on 16 of April by the management of Y.A. Polyakov next to Russian scientific academy the scientific council called «The man in everyday life: the past and the present» opened. Council worked on four directions historical -demographic, family, material, weekend issue. The scientific council was engaged in scientific work together with Russia and with abroad scientific institution, conducted scientific conferences and seminars. By the management of sector manager M.Y. Dvoryansky, doctor of pedagogical sciences, such scientific seminar was conducted In Russian state library. He opened the meeting, and said: «daily history this is not the life of famous people and their act or the great events, it examines traditional unimportant facts recognized by historians. Daily history studies the life of people from different epoch, a comprehensive analysis of: way of life, clothing, interest, character and etc. » Leonid Vasilyevich Belovinsky, doctor of historical sciences, professor of the Russian National University for the Humanities and Moscow University of culture and arts, with the main report, had a speech on the discussed subject at the seminar. He was asked about the problems of daily history, opinions and suggestions were talked [8].

The first results of investigation of the «history of everyday life» were printed in magazines and collections. In 1994 year in August near Saint-Petersburg Economy and Finance University called « the Russian everyday life 1921-1941 I.I.: new approaches» international conference’s collection of materials is considered to be important work. In the conference Russian and foreign capable economists, historians, politicians, sociologists, ethnographer, literary critics participated [9]. In the works of E.V.Zolotukhina-Abolina the definition of daily is given, its core values is divided, within analyzes the relation of daily and ideology[10].

In 2003 year the book about daily subject « Soviet history documents» was published: «Soviet everyday and the consciousness of the common people. 1939-1945» and « Soviet life. 1945-1953». In this collection the everyday is described before war and during war, separately, within official genesis (inside the statistical) of different documents were offered. Documents of collection were gathered according to the principle of problems [11]. In 2003 year devoted to every day Moscow Stalin time, two volumes of known scientific book of G.V.Andreevsky was published [12]. In 2008 the work of Fitspatrikt "Stalin peasants" came to light. In this work the life of workers in the Russian villages in XX the 30th year was clearly described [13]. T

The interest to the subject told above, is considered to be a new direction in scientific history of Kazakhstan. The question of everyday life demands different methodological principles from the researcher. Now the science demands the inter subject investigation. These materials belong to the history of everyday life: Nature facts - environment for dwelling; demographic fact documents to register - birth, marriage , divorce , death, passports, party-membership card, military ID etc.; material facts – buildings (building project), domestic things, furniture, clothing, decoration objects, musical instruments etc.; personal materials - diaries, notebooks, calendars, working notebook, letters, memoirs, statement letters, etc.; artistic facts - picture, painting, caricature, chronicle, documentary cinema, TV, transfer radio, fiction etc.; the material proof – maps, a museum collection, city map, the official report, statistical information etc.; announcements, posters, theater and concert programs, posters, menu, open letters etc.; the written facts – collection of rules, the edition of newspapers, magazines; question - answers; ethnographic materials – traditions, belief, proverbs etc.

The direction to subject told above is considered to be the new direction in the history science of Kazakhstan. Certainly, it is impossible to tell that the history of every day isn't written in the history of Kazakhstan. At the National University names after E.A.Buketov in the city of Karaganda the master's dissertation "everyday life in the central Kazakhstan cities in 1945-1953 years" is defended [14]. History of every day is considered in separate parts in similar branches as ethnology, religion, sociology, cultural science. Together with it now the Kazakhstan researchers are investigating the history of every day. Macro history is consisted of micro history, giving attention to the task "the history of every day" it is especially necessary in dynamic development of history science of Kazakhstan. Through research history of every day we give full information about development in cultural, social and political system. Through the creation new methodology of history of everyday life, we can openly display an inner world of the Kazakh society.

Literatures:

1 . Dorofeyeva Z.E. Sociology of culture and daily occurrence //http://sociologist.nm.ru/articles/zlata 01.htm#u25

2 . Syrov V.N. About the status and structure of daily occurrence (methodological aspects). // Personality. Culture. Society. 2000 . V.2. Special release. page 147-159.

3 . Ojegov S.I.Dictionary of Russian language. - M.,1993. - Page 467.

4 . Butenko I.V. Social knowledge and daily occurrence world: horizons and deadlocks of phenomenological sociology. - M.:Science, 1987. page 25.

5 . Brodel F. Material civilization,economy capitalism in ХҮ-ХҮІІІ. V.1.Structure of daily occurance: possiblities and impossibilities. - M., 1986, page 41

6 . Pushkarev N. L. Subject and studying methods of "Daily occurrence history"//Ethnographic review. 2004 . № 5. page 21.

7 . Abdrakhmanova K.K. "Daily occurrence history" in ХХ-ХХІ century. Historiographic aspect// Vestnik KarNU 2006 № 4. page 142-143.

8 . Dvorkina I.Y. Daily occurrence history in RNL. Library science. 2004 № 6.

9 . Kozlova N. N. Daily occurrence sociology: revaluation of values//Social sciences and present. – 1992 . № 3. page 48.

10 . Zolotukhina-Abolina E.V. Daily occurrence and ideology// Philosophical sciences. – 2004. № 3.

11 . Soviet daily occurrence and mass consciousnesses. 1939-1964 / A.Ya.Levshin. – M 2003. ; Soviet life. 1945-1953 . / E.Y. Zubkova, L.P.Koshelev, G.A.Kuzneova, A.I.Minyuk, L.A.Rogovaya. – M 2003.

12 . Andreevsky G.V. Everyday life of Moscow during a Stalin era (the 20-30th). – M 2003. ; Andreevsky G.V. Everyday life of Moscow during a Stalin era (the 30-40th). – M 2003.

13 . Sheila Fitspatrik. Stalin peasants. Social history of the Soviet Russia in the 30th years: village. – M, 2008.

14 . Abdrakhmanova K.K. Everyday life of the cities of the central Kazakhstan in 1945-1953: dissertation of the candidate of history science. - Karaganda, 2009.