Сельское хозяйство/3. Земледелие, грунтоведение и агрохимия

Master of Agriculture M. P. Shilov, fourth classman of Agricultural and Biological Faculty G. A. Kurayeva

Republican State Enterprise “Kostanay state university named after A. Baytursynov”, Kazakhstan

TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF LEAD AND CADMIUM CONTENT IN GRAIN OF SPRING WHEAT IN THE CONDITIONS OF KOSTANAY REGION

Kostanay region is the leading manufacturer of heavy and valuable grain of spring wheat in the republic of Kazakhstan. 4,0 mil.hectares of farm field are given annually and volume of exports reaches 70% of whole yield and even more. It is presented exclusive standards to the quality of produced grain [1]. Taking into account the increased environmental impact on grain agrocoenosis under the active chemicalization of agriculture and also on the part of manufacturing facilities it is necessary to control the content of toxic elements and primarily heavy metals in grain including lead and cadmium [2]. In this regard the purpose of researches was – to give toxicological evaluation of lead and cadmium content in grain of spring wheat in different regions.

It is specified by the researches that the most ecologically clean grain is received in the north-east part of Kostanay region – Uzunkol and Mendykara districts (table 1). The amount of lead is 0, 09 – 0, 12 mg/kg under the maximum permissible concentration0, 5 mg/kg. Concentration of cadmium is not also essential – from tracksup to 0, 02 mg/kg at apermissible level 0,1 mg/kg. Similar grain with almost the same criteria is formed in the south part of region – Auliekol, Kamysty and Naurzum districts. The territory of Denisovskiy district belongs to the safe zone of wheat cultivation. The situation is slightly different in the central part of region. Attention is drawn to the high content of heavy metals in the grain of LLP “Kostanay Research Studies Institute of Agriculture”, lead – 0, 33mg/kg, cadmium – 0, 05 mg/kg. At the same time in LLP “Michurinskoe” this quantity is significantly lower. Apparently, it is connected with durable and intensive usage of mineral fertilizers, especially phosphorous, on experimental fields of the scientific enterprise [3].

Table 1

Heavy metals content in the wheat grain in different cultivation areas, average for 2009 – 2012

Geographic point	Lead content, mg/kg	Cadmium content, mg/kg
Karabalyk district 1.“Karabalyk experimental station” 2.LLP “Ak-Biday-Agro”	0,30 0, 14	0, 14 0, 01
Uzunkol district: LLP “Troyebratnoe”	0, 09	tracks
Mendykara district:LLP “Borovskoe-Holding”	0, 12	0, 01
Sarykol district: LLP “Sarykolskoe”	0, 28	0, 06
Kostanay district: 1.LLP “Kostanay Research Studies Institute of Agriculture” 2.LLP “Michurinskoe”	0, 33 0, 24	0, 05 0, 01
Altynsarin district: LLP “Silantyevskoe”	0, 22	0, 04
Karasu district: LLP “Karasu-Biday”	0, 24	0, 05
Taranov district: LLP “Rudnenskoe”	0, 41	0, 08
Zhitikara district: LLP “Zabelovka”	0, 44	0, 08
Denisovskiy district: LLP“Tobolskoe-1”	0, 15	0, 02
Auliekol district: LLP “Sulukol”	0, 11	0, 01
Kamysty district: Agrofirm “Kara Batyr”	0, 12	tracks
Naurzum district: LLP “Naurzumskiy”	0, 09	0, 02
Average for the region	0, 21	0, 03

Similar situation is observed in Karabalyk district on the grounds of “Karabalyk Experimental Station”. Grain obtained here also contains high amount of lead and cadmium. LLP “Ak-Biday-Agro” located near here has significantly lower rates.

High concentration of heavy metals is characteristic for Karasu, Altynsarin and some farms of Sarykol districts. The quantity of lead in the grain is 0, 20 – 0, 28 mg/kg, and cadmium is 0, 04 – 0, 06 mg/kg. The point is their confinedness to Tyuntyugur depression. This tectonic fault has long served and will serve all kinds of storage deposits and geological sediments from the entire territory including the territory polluted with the metals. Geologic aspects of Taran and Zhitikara districts are also the reason of toxic build-up in the wheat grain.

Sufficient amount of anthropogenic elements is in the territory of Kostanay region; their influence can provide high toxic build-up. Primarily these are urban manufacturing facilities and miningindustrial complexes [4]. The industrial complexesdo the most damage both as the result of open development and due to the toxic industrial waste (table 2).

Table 2

Influence of pollution sources on the content of heavy metals in the wheat grain, average for 2009 – 2012

Geographical point	Associated area	Lead content, mg/kg	Cadmium content, mg/kg
1.Industrial complex of concrete products, Kostanay town	Field # 9, LLP “Michurinskoe”	0, 97	0, 25
2.Sokolov-Sarbay Mining Production Association, Rudny town	Nearby field LLP “Rudnenskoe”	5, 32	0, 35
3.Zhitikara Asbestosindustrial complex, Zhitikara town	Nearby field LLP “Zabelovka”	3, 86	1, 22

So, the industrial complex of concrete products significantly pollutes crop production already in the town. Wheat grain obtained from the field # 9 LLP “Michurinskoe” located at 1, 5 km from the source contains 0, 97 mg/ kg of lead and 0, 25 mg/kg of cadmium that is 2 times higher than MPC. Even higher degree of pollution is provided by the enterprises of Sokolov-Sarbay Mining Production Association. Here ore production is operated in an open way, usually with irregularity of environmental protection. There are outspent ash-disposal areas near here which constantly produce and pollute surrounding territory. Besides there is a large amount of concomitant harmful elements particularly the lead that is up to 3% in the content of iron ore. Grain is obtained from the wheat field located 5 km from the industrial complex (LLP “Rudnenskoe”) where the concentration of lead exceeds the permissible level in more than 10 times, and cadmium pollution was 3, 5 times higher than this limit. Regarding LLP “Zabelovka”, whose fields are adjacent to asbestos industrial complex, the resulting grain is highly toxic as on lead as on cadmium, the concentration of which exceeds the maximum permissible level – 1, 22 mg/kg. Degree of lead pollution is slightly lower here than in LLP "Rudnenskoe" near Sokolov-Sarbay Mining Production Association, but it is 7, 5 times higher than maximum permissible concentration and it is 3, 76 mg / kg.

Thus, the results of the analysis show that the average concentration of lead and cadmium within the region does not exceed the permissible limits and it is 0.21 and 0, 31 mg/kg. The increased amount of toxic elements is coincidedwith geological structures –low depressions and output of iron and asbestos ore to the surface. Active sources of pollution of grain production are Sokolov-SarbayMining Production Association and asbestos industrial complex in Zhitikara town.

References

1.Garmash N. Yu. Ecological and agrochemical background of quality control of crop production at various factors of anthropogenic impact on the soil.Autoabstract - Doctor of Agricultural Science. Moscow, 2006.45 p.

2. Cheltygmasheva I. S. Influence of heavy metals on crop production quality: Autoabstract - Doctor of Agricultural Science. Moscow, 2004.42 p.

3. Sidorenkova N. K. Agroecological estimation of admixture of heavy metals and toxic elements in phosphorous fertilizer and doses of cadmium in different soils: Autoabstract - Doctor of Agricultural Science. Moscow, 2000.18 p.

4. Panteleyeva Ya. G. Geochemical environment changes in the zone of influence of the mining complex: Autoabstract - Doctor of Agricultural Science. Saint-Petersburg, 2009.18 p.