Amirjan
I Shaltykov
Doctor
of Political Sciences, Professor (Almaty, Kazakhstan)
Priorities
of the national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Today
security issues became one of the most urgent issues that attract special attention
of different specialists working in
law, politics, economics, and international relations. UN classification in the
list of main threats to human being security in a country confirmed the
following structure of national security: economic security, food security,
environmental security, personal security, community security, political
security (1).
Security
problems are the subject of concern of all generations, but each stage of human
society has its own ideas about security measures and the ways to ensure it.
The
concept of security has arisen at the same time with the emergence of the first
State and the first threats to the integrity of its borders. Although only in
X11 c. the term "security" began to be in use. It meant "calm
state of a person’ mind, immune from any danger” (2). At the beginning of the
third millennium, in the flow of the historical process and evolution of the society,
security’ paradigm passed different phases of development, starting from the
military and coming to global security.
Thus,
national security - is a holistic system of creating and maintaining of such an
economic, political, international and military-strategic state of the country,
which provides favorable conditions for the development of an individual,
society and the state itself, exclude any risk to the integrity of the state as
a subject of international law.
Currently,
Kazakhstan is undergoing a crucial period of transition to a market economy,
the formation of its own system of law, the national economy; transformation of
the entire system of social relations takes place. The totality of all these
reasons gave rise to the need for new approaches to the development and
adoption of effective solutions and ways of ensuring national security.
In the Program "Kazakhstan - 2030", launched by
President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, national security
is called among the highest priorities in the development of Kazakhstan. In the
coming years, the main principles of national security are defined, they are: preserving
the sovereignty, territorial integrity, regional stability in Central Asia,
balanced policy and multi-vector foreign policy and the strengthening of peaceful
"belt" around Kazakhstan. Thus, the specifics of national security are
the main condition of Kazakhstan’ life as an independent sovereign state. The
focus of the "Law on National Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
is given to such priorities as ensuring external, internal, informational,
environmental, and public safety.
The
priority of national security is economic security. If national security is
understood as a status when the state is protected against external and
internal threats which should ensure the independence and territorial integrity
of the state to maintain social and political stability, the priority of the
national security is the economic security.
Each
state develops its own economic security strategy based on its national
interests. The national interests of Kazakhstan in this aspect are defined in
Section 3 of Article 4 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On
National Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan" as "economic
development for the benefit of all people of Kazakhstan" (3). This
provision contains the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan: "The
fundamental principles of the Republic of Kazakhstan are: economic development
for the benefit of all the people ..." (4).
In
world practice, economic security is usually determined as a system internally
consistent interest. Its destabilization depends om internal and external
threats.
Under
the threat in general terms refers to such changes in the external and internal
environment that may cause undesired impact on safety. The legislation of the
Republic of Kazakhstan under the threat for economic security means damage created
to the economy of the state, including the use of strategic resources above
interests of the country, hindering the growth of investment activity,
including foreign investment in Kazakhstan. Unguided outflow of capital from
the country.
Analysis
of economic security in the Republic of Kazakhstan and comparison with internal
and external threats show up, that today the greatest threat of Kazakhstan are
just internal threats. They include the following:
• increase property
differentiation of the population;
• Kazakhstan's economy deformation
in its structure, criminalization of the economy;
• not evenness in social and economical
development of regions.
Increase of property differentiation among population
rise unemployment, increase poverty, the delay in pay off wages, pensions and
other social benefits (especially in the regions), the stratification of
society on a narrow circle of rich and poor dominant mass.
In
our opinion, in order to solve these problems it is necessary to establish a
permanent monitoring of poverty level and the level of unemployment, maintain
existing and create new jobs, to determine true extent of unemployment and
improve social policy, especially in the subject of fight against poverty.
The
deformation of the national economy structure is due to increased orientation
of the economy to raw material supply and by:
1. Taking over our domestic
market by foreign firms with many kinds of consumer goods;
2. Kazakh enterprises are acquired
by foreigners to displace Kazakhstan’ products,
both in external and internal markets;
3. Absence of own
technological research and development;
4. Growth in the external debt
of the Republic of Kazakhstan and, accordingly, increase the
cost of its repayment.
The
criminalization of society and the economy has become the hallmark of our
reality. There is a merging of government officials and entrepreneurs to
organized crime. This is facilitated by weakening of state control of economic
relations.
Other
types of internal threats include the size of the domestic and external debts,
foreign exchange funds outflow, and severance of economic relations in the
horizontal and vertical inflation.
The external
threats specific to our reality are:
• Increased dependence on
imports;
• Kazakhstan's weak position
in the markets of neighboring countries;
• Turning the country into an
exporter of natural resources and raw materials.
Measures
to ensure the economic security enshrined in Article 1 of the Law of the
Republic of Kazakhstan "On National Security of the Republic of
Kazakhstan", according to which those recognized:
• ensuring the economic
independence of Kazakhstan;
• forming an export-oriented
and import-substituting sectors of the economy;
• improving the management of
state property;
• natural monopolies
businesses regulation, competitive environment and conditions creating
to support development of entrepreneurship and competition;
• preserving and strengthening
resource and energy fundamentals of the economy;
• ensure Kazakhstan’ integration
into the world economy;
• strengthen good image of the
Republic of Kazakhstan in foreign capital markets,
revitalization of direct investment attracting and the providing
necessary public support to domestic
producers, defining clear criteria and procedures provided government borrowing and providing government
guarantees, provide return of borrowers past debts to t he state.
To
ensure national economic security of Kazakhstan is necessary to determine the
true extent of internal and external threats to economic security and their
real impacts. This would allow developing an effective program aimed to stabilize
and sustainable development of the national economy in the new century.
References:
1. Human Development Report of
the UN. - New York: Oxford, 1994. - 176c.
2. B.K Abdraimov: Do a threat exist
to Kazakhstan? \ \ Sayasat. - 1999. - ¹ 6, P.23-24
3. National security: results of
decade -Astana, 2001. - P.226
4. The Constitution of the
Republic of Kazakhstan. - Almaty. 1996. - C.4