Zolotukhin Alexander
Dragomanov
National Pedagogical University,
Institute
of Sociology, Psychology and Social Communications, student
(Ukraine, Kyiv)
Pet’ko Lyudmila,
Scientific supervisor,
Ph.D., Associate Professor,
Dragomanov
National Pedagogical University (Ukraine,
Kyiv)
HUMAN MIGRATION NOWADAYS
Çîëîòóõèí Àëåêñàíäð
Íàöèîíàëüíûé
ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò èìåíè Ì.Ï.Äðàãîìàíîâà, Èíñòèòóò ñîöèîëîãèè, ïñèõîëîãèè è ñîöèàëüíûõ
êîììóíèêàöèé,
(Óêðàèíà,
ã.Êèåâ)
Ïåòüêî Ëþäìèëà, íàó÷íûé ðóêîâîäèòåëü,
ê.ïåä.í., äîöåíò ÍÏÓ èìåíè
Ì.Ï.Äðàãîìàíîâà (Óêðàèíà, ã.Êèåâ)
ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÀß ÌÈÃÐÀÖÈß ÍÀÑÅËÅÍÈß
Historical migration of human populations begins with the
movement of Homo erectus out of Africa across Eurasia about a million years ago.
Homo sapiens
appear to have occupied all of Africa about 150,000 years ago,
moved out of
Africa 70,000 years ago, and had spread
across Australia, Asia and Europe by 40,000 BC. Early humans migrated due to many factors such as changing climate
and landscape and inadequate food supply.
While the pace of migration had accelerated since
the 18th century (including the involuntary slave trade), it
increased further in the 19th century. Nowadays urbanization is the
major type of human migrations [1, 29].
Human migration
(derived from Latin: migratio) is physical movement by humans from one area to
another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. Migration has
continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region,
country, or beyond and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade,
trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing).
According to
International Organization for Migration, "no universally accepted
definition for (migrant) exists. The term migrant was usually understood to
cover all cases where the decision to migrate was taken freely by the
individual concerned for reasons of "personal convenience" and
without intervention of an external compelling factor; it therefore applied to
persons, and family members, moving to another country or region to better
their material or social conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or
their family [5, 1].
The
author stresses, that 21st century when migration occurred across
the world but legally, systematically in terms of economic stability of
individuals and families, moreover revealed the facts of human trafficking and
social insecurity among the vulnerable, poorer and minorities. South Asian
countries (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka) within their
territories feature the worst practices of migrations through crossing the
borders illicit. Most probably round the clock illiterate youths, children,
teen girls have been deluded by having dreams in their eyes of fascinating
lifestyle, dollars in their accounts and luxury residencies taken as illegal
emigrants almost to nearest destinations like Dubai, Singapore, Bangkok,
Thailand, Malaysia and to some Europe an countries, utilized and left helpless
and/or thrown to some personal prisons, prostitution houses, hotels, night
bars.
According
to the International Organization for Migration's World Migration Report 2010, the number of international migrants was
estimated at 220 million in 2013. If this number continues to grow at the same
pace as during the last 20 years, it could reach 405 million by 2050 [6].
There
are some theories for migration for work in the 21st
century: 1) Neoclassical economic theory [4], 2) Dual labor market theory [4],
3) The new economics of labor migration [2]. In this research the authors
characterizes two main theories: the
first theory is that labor markets around the country have become more
similar in the returns they offer to particular skills, so workers need not
move to a particular place to maximize the return on their idiosyncratic
abilities. The second theory is that
better information due to both information technology and falling travel costs
has made locations less of an experience good, reducing the need for young
people to experiment with living in deferent places, 4) Relative deprivation theory [4], 5) World systems theory
which looks at migration from a global perspective. It explains that
interaction between different societies can be an important factor in social
change within societies. Trade with one country, which causes economic decline
in another, may create incentive to migrate to a country with a more vibrant
economy [4].
To sum up, modern migration has barriers that traditional migration did
not have. Nowadays, people must face political processes when they want to
cross national borders. Sometimes the political forces limit modern migration
to select groups of people. People frequently migrate for better jobs and
economic opportunities, which is the reason so many people are trying to
migrate from Mexico to the United States right now [3], for example, in the
1980s in the United States, migration started shifting from the north to the
south as new industries in the south began to open up and provide job
opportunities for people.
Bibliography
2. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Understanding
the Long-Run Decline in Interstate Migration, December, 2013. – 697 p. [Web
site]. – Access mode:
http://www.minneapolisfed.org/research/wp/wp697.pdf
3. How does modern migration differ
from migration in the past? [Web site]. – Access mode: http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/modern-migration-differ-migration-past
4. Jennissen
R. Causality Chains in the International Migration Systems Approach. Population
Research and Policy Review, 2007. – 26(4). – PP. 411 – 436.
5. Om Parkash Pragan. Migration of
early centuries & 2012 in Pakistan “A fear factor for minority” [Web site].
– Access mode:
http://archive.atlantic-community.org/app/webroot/files/articlepdf/Migration%20of%20early%20centuries%20&%202012%20in%20Pakistan%20_A%20fear%20factor%20for%20minority_.pdf
6. World
Migration Report 2010 “The Future of
Migration: Building Capacities for Change. International Organization for Migration, 2010”. Retrieved 2010–11–30 [Web site]. – Access
mode: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration