BREEDING
HEREFORD CATTLE
Mussabekov A.T., Suranshiev Zh.A.,
Baymurat D.B, Narbay B.
S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Astana,
Kazakhstan
The
article presents the data on the breeding of breed of cattle of Hereford
strains of cattle,productivity,as well as acclimatization abilities in
different regions of the world.
The
important result for increasing manufacture of high quality beef it is a
development of customized meat cattle breeding. Major place takes the whiteface
with using in the result of reproductive breeding with local Kazakh and Kalmyk
livestock were reproduced Kazakh white headed breed, are composed the basic
meat breeding to Kazakhstan and Russia.
Whiteface
breeding in Russia of ranch cattle have been in 19 century. But those animals
who have had in estate farm disappeared without a trace in major other breed.
In 20th century the breed process was begun with imported
livestock of whiteface, which imported from England and Uruguay. First import
whiteface breeding in Russia and CIS countries was accomplished in 1928 from
Great Britain in the quantity 36 oxen and 40 oxen. For
the period at 1928 to 1933 came 1240 oxen and 489 calves. At that from England has come 943 livestock
heads, which includes 498 oxen and 445 calves, from Uruguay properly 895
heads*851 ox, 44 calves.
All
animals are imported from England was thoroughbred, they are written in the
tribal book of English association Hereford breeding. Among Uruguay import were
cross breed with unknown origin. Animals of English and Uruguay’s import are
defined to body weight which is in 18 months English oxen makes 475kg,
uruguay’s 344, 4 years of age, respectively, 777 and 624 kg. Cows in the 4-year
had a live weight of 541 and 510kg. [2] Imported bulls were sent to farms
Kazakhstan and south-east Russia and used for crossing with local cattle.
Heifers
were divided between farms with the aim of creating in them the loudspeakers
purebred Hereford cattle. To beginning
with 1960. Hereford cattle imports are mainly produced in Canada, where the
climatic conditions are closer to the habitat conditions in Russia Hereford.
Much Party heifers imported from the USA as well. During the period from 1955
to 1960gg. imported from the US was 200 heifers and bull 3, from the UK -
71telka and 347 bulls from Canada for the period from 1960 to 1975. 5973
heifers 1163byka. Imported Hereford herd was distributed in the republics of
the former USSR in the following order: Russia (72.7%), Kazakhstan (11.1%),
Ukraine (8.8%), Belarus (6.1%), etc. [2,3]. Hereford cattle was transferred to
State Farm, experimental stations and farms research institutions for
acquisition stud farms loudspeakers. On January 1, 1970 in the USSR there were
24 breeding farm for the breeding of Hereford cattle in which there were 9069
purebred animals, including 3620 cows. Area of distribution Hereford expanded
significantly from the Crimea to the Far east. The most significant livestock
was taken in breeding plant "Jubilee" Omsk region, 794 heads,
experimental farm VNIIMS Orenburg region - 452, and the Kirov stud farm
"Merkulov" the Rostov region, respectively 351 and 217 , the farm
"Charyshsky" Altai Krai -200, purebred sovkhoz
"Prokhladnensky" Kabardino-Balkaria, -260, the farm
"Byyansky" Grodno region of Belarus -137, Experimental Station Ural
Ural region -158 heads. In connection with wide areal Hereford cattle on the
territory of Russia and CIS de Sales Experiment Station studied the
acclimatization of new quality imported breeds. We observed 46 cows Hereford
and Shorthorn breeds 588, imported from England. In winter, the animals were
kept at the cattle yard at 5-6S. Their diet consisted of 7 kg hay and 5 kg and
3.5 kg juicy concentrated feed. In the summer, they were kept on pasture and
received from the feeding of concentrated feed. During the hot days of July
animals became lethargic and reduced body weight. [3].
And
at Hereford Shorthorn compared with the weight loss was less, and they quickly
recover as the recession heat. Heifers on Sal'sk zonal station was 26% and 24%
of deaths. For acclimatization Hereford in conditions of extreme continental
climate has required a number of measures for the salvation of their health.
The
first time the animals were grazing in the morning and evening. In the
afternoon, even in the shade, they were breathing heavily, his tongue, sweating
heavily. Only in late September, the animals became contained in the pasture
without restrictions. Only animals became contained in the pasture without
restrictions. In purebred vile "Ankatinsky" is semi-desert in the
summer heat reaches + 40 ° C, and in winter the temperature drops to -41oS.
Brought here from England in 1929., Hereford cattle was placed in the
newly-built isolated farm. They graze on natural pastures, feeding concentrates
was conducted. To them were equipped showers. Average live weight of cows at 3
years of age amounted to 462 kg, 4-year-561.5, a 5-year-575 kg. Calf crop was
67-75%. In summer, during the heat of the animals feel bad. They quickens the
pulse and respiration. In 1942 from TB fell 3 cows, and in 1943 was ill for 37
cows. In 1944 tuberculosis was diagnosed in another 15 cows. For the beginning
of 1945 almost all imported cows were suffering from tuberculosis. In purebred
sovkhoz "Ankatinsky" Hereford cattle because of the conservative
heredity was not able to adapt to the climatic conditions of south-east. On
barely tolerates heat and winter cold, often suffer from various diseases.
Import Hereford in Russia and Kazakhstan from Uruguay and England proved of
little use because of the large difference in the climatic conditions of these
countries. Acclimatization Hereford in a stock-farm "Ankatinsky" and
the Urals Research Station showed that culling imported steers was mainly due
to the disease legs and hooves. Growth of cows on these farms ended at the age
of 5.0-5.5 years. In the first year of delivery of the hotel 83% heifers,
nearly half are in the hunt for 49 days after calving. Cows in the English
import purebred sovkhoz "Ankatinsky" characterized by low fertility.
In 1947, they amounted to 544 days in domoroshennyh -444 days in crossbred-398
days. Average yield composes 68 calves per 100 cows. On the Ural Research
Station at young animals up to 15 months particularly quickly Increases width
measurements, and in subsequent age periods - the depth of the chest and torso
length. Newborn calves Hereford different kind of body type. They are
characterized by small stature, deep and relatively wide trunk, thick bones.
With age, the severity of this type becomes even greater. Analysis shows that
the Canadian Hereford increasingly inclined to the compact type. English -
homogeneous, in homegrown - and has already raised rump ass. From larger cows
were born large calves. [3,4].
Table 1 Characteristics of imports of bulls Hereford
|
|
Performance Indicators import bulls imported cows |
Performance Indicators import bulls imported cows |
||||||
|
Great Britain |
From Uruguay |
Great Britain |
From Uruguay |
|||||
|
Average weight kg |
Oscillations
kg |
Average weight kg |
Oscillations
kg |
Average weight kg |
Oscillations
kg |
Average weight kg |
Oscillations
kg |
|
|
2 |
550 |
410-667 |
441 |
308-740 |
481 |
397-620 |
- |
- |
|
2,5 |
508 |
440-712 |
524 |
308-788 |
505 |
382-605 |
|
|
|
3 |
689 |
540-900 |
563 |
381-780 |
502 |
366-681 |
487 |
391-570 |
|
4 |
778 |
640-1001 |
625 |
440-800 |
541 |
360-742 |
511 |
391-590 |
|
5 |
830 |
780-900 |
707 |
580-820 |
569 |
400-721 |
- |
- |
|
6 |
840 |
740-940 |
- |
- |
600 |
360-782 |
- |
- |
|
7 |
890 |
700-1000 |
- |
- |
616 |
480-741 |
- |
- |
Studying
the growth and development of import Hereford animals, it can be concluded that
the origin of the English Hereford significantly superior coeval animals
imported from Uruguay. The difference in live weight in favor of the bulls of
English origin in the age of 4 years was 153kg, cows, respectively - 30kg.
(Table 1) On the basis of economically useful traits Hereford, Shorthorn and
Kalmyk can be argued that at the appropriate level of feeding and housing Hereford,
Shorthorn and how, able to demonstrate the inherent quality. Hereford cattle
because of their productive qualities, good adaptability to new environmental
conditions prevalent in Russia over a large area. Draft plan zoning breed of
beef cattle, breeding it provides virtually all economic regions. Hereford due
to the high productivity, good acclimatization abilities are widely used as
improve the breed. Hereford cattle was the creation of the original breeds:
bifmaster, bosmara, Berz, Bruford, converter and Kazakh white. Hereford are
used for absorbing and industrial cross. Thus, in the US the most promising for
fattening hybrids were obtained by crossing Hereford cows and Angus bulls
Charolais, Simmental, limuzinnskoy. Weaning weight of calves was experienced
210-240 kg, and the final 680-kg carcass weight of calves were 295-320 kg. Firm
"Brown Lend company" engaged in growing and fattening of two breed
(Hereford hangus) and three-pedigree (Hereford x Angus x Charolais) hybrids.
Fledglings reaches 500-540 kg live weight, which is higher than 9-17 purebred
peers. Research conducted at the Texas Experiment Station, led to the
conclusion that the Hereford-Angus hybrids surpassed animals already at weaning
from the mother, as well as average daily gain in all age periods of
cultivation. As a result of interbreeding with angussami Hereford and
Brahmanical gobies in the US created a highly productive herd of hornless
animals Hereford. Calves at weaning reach 295 kg live weight and 15 months of
age -545 kg when height at withers 132sm.
Hereford
and Angus crossbred and sharolezkie castrati were characterized by
well-developed muscle tissue, and high content of DNA and RNA. They had a
higher score of mascara, eye muscle area, the thickness and the length of the
back muscles. [3,4]. On the basis of the materials, we can conclude that in the
developed beef cattle along with the improvement of meat breeds with pure
breeding, widely applies interbreeding.
Crossbreeding
allows to obtain a high effect in the production of not only the number of products,
but also improve its quality. In Russia, Kazakhstan and Hereford played an
important role in deriving the Kazakh white breed of cattle. When testing to
breed purebred animals Kazakh white rocks are those which are derived from the
desired type of bulls and cows of the third second and third generations
received from absorbing cross and from breeding "in itself" animals
specified generations. Breed standards adopted for the Kazakh white rocks meet
the standards Hereford, which indicates that at their productive qualities of a
new breed not inferior Hereford. Among the crossbred cows Hereford individual
animals reached a very high level of milk production for beef breeds (up to
5000 kg and more). Where the change is not accompanied by improved breeds of
feeding, the influence of improving the breed has been less effective. The
purpose of turning Hereford hybrids in a new breed of Kazakh white is that in
the creation of the constitutional peculiarities of the digestive type
corresponding forms physique and obtaining live weight at 500-550 kg for adult
cows. Among the signs of selection stands out dairy and on the basis of this,
the creation of related groups of animals, connecting with good myasost Dairy
at 1500-2000kg. In recent years the import of Hereford bulls in breeding farms
has led to the fact that many of them have adopted a two-fold crossing with
Hereford, and this can lead to the loss of livestock breeds Kazakh white
valuable biological features. Studying herd purebred sovkhoz "Ankatinsky"
we can conclude that a single crossing of Hereford blood increases the live
weight of cows on average 12 kg (2,6), increased growth rate in intensive
feeding, improving the exterior, without compromising the quality of dairy and
reproductive cattle. Thus, Hereford continues to occupy a leading position
among other specialized meat breeds.
References
1.
Молчанов В.И.
Импорт герефордов в СССР//Госплемкнига герефордского
скота.М.,Издательство.Наркомсовхозов.Т.1,1935.
2.
Заднепрянский И.П.Результаты и перспективы использования лучшего мирового
генофонда в мясном скотоводстве//Проблемы мясного скотоводства. Сборник научных тезисов. Выпуск
48.оренбург,1995.-С.17-25.
3.
МазуровскийЛ.З.,Полинковский П.И. Использование генетических маркеров в селекции герефордов//Селекционные основы повышения продуктивности мясного скота. Сб.научных трудов.Оренбург.2005, -С.5-13.
4. Черекаев А.В. Племзавод
«Анкатинский» Алма-Ата,Кайнар,1990-с.119.