PhD student Kumganbayev Zh.Zh.

Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan

The struggle of the Kazakh intelligentsia for Kazakh autonomy during the formation of the Soviet totalitarian system

Before the 21st independence of our Republic, one of the most important topics of Kazakhstan history is the history of the state of Kazakhs. In the 18-19^th centuries, after Kazakhstan entirely went under the power of Russia, the Kazakh people for over 100 years led the fight for the restoration of the statehood, even after the last Kazakh Khan Kenesary Kasymuly raised the national liberation uprising, we have experienced a puppet state of the Soviet system for 70 years. In the 20^th century, Kazakh people had the opportunity to restore their statehood after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia, which was in 1917. After the overthrow of the king, the problem of government was not completely solved. At this time, the responsibility for recovery of the Kazakh state was on the elite and intellectuals centered in the newspaper "Kazakh". They thought that Kazakhstan should become an autonomous presidential democratic republic of the Russian Federation, which consisted of a board meeting and the State Duma, i.e. similar to the pattern that we see in the case of today's independent Kazakhstan.

Since the 20's, the Party "Alash" and its leaders have been prosecuted and then there was raised a strict ban on the study of the topic. Only by the end of the 80’s, there began objective research against the leaders of the Alash. On exploring the place and role of Alash intellectuals, who were such scholars as: M.K. Kozybaev, K.N. Nurpeisov, M.K. Koygeldiev, T.S. Omarbekov, K.M. Atabaev, D.A. Amanzholova, A. Kara, and others. Despite this, students and young researchers were not able to open and even give an objective assessment of the struggle of the Kazakh intelligentsia for receiving Kazakh autonomy during the formation of the Soviet totalitarian system. According to the above research, the Kazakh intelligentsia had hopes for the February Revolution, and also supported it, considering it as a big deal to the development of society. When the February Revolution reached the victory, while stationed in Minsk, in the face of nationalist intellectuals, such as Bukeikhanov A., M. Dulatuly, M. Esboluly, on March 24th in the newspaper "Kazakh", there was published a letter addressed to the major centers of Kazakhstan: "The day of liberty, equality and fraternity for all the people of Russia. We have to be recorded as the Kazakhs at the founding meeting. We need a democratic republic for rearing of cattle, plant and work on the ground "(1).

Most of the authors of the messages without wasting time arrived in Petrograd, and took part in a meeting convened by the Muslim member of the State Duma, I.A. Ahtanov. This session was attended by Kazakhstan N. Kurbangaliev, A. Bukeikhanov, A. Kenzhin, J. Seydalin, M. Dulatov and M. Boztaev. During the discussion, participants of the meeting have decided to establish the Central Bureau of the Muslims, which would allow to allocate and manage the affairs of Russian Muslims (2). Political jobs that were in the letter, carried out in a short period of time and by the middle of March in all regional centers and county-level cities, there were committees of Kazakhs set up. They convened the provincial and district conventions for solution of critical tasks and problems encountered in April and May. Thus the idea of the Kazakh national autonomy within the Russian democratic republic appeared.

Provisional Government considered newly formed Kazakh committees as a strong support in the region. In this regard, representatives of national intelligence were appointed by the Provisional Government as Commissioners and became a part of the local executive bodies.

In the heart of Russia in 1917, the political environment has changed dramatically, due to the fact that the authority has started to change the national intelligentsia decided to hold the All-Kazakhs Congress, which they held in Orenburg on July 21-26. In the main agenda, they included issues such as public administration and Kazakh autonomy. Before the beginning of the Congress, in the newspaper "Kazakh", there were published various articles and opinions regarding the autonomy. At this discussion, there were two main views. If Baitursynov A. and M. Dulatov wanted to create an independent autonomy, than A. Bukeikhanov proposed a Kazakh national-territorial autonomy within the "democratic, federal and parliamentary Russia". The latter view was endorsed by the delegates of the congress (3).

One week before the planned in Orenburg second Kazakh Congress, there was held an October Revolution in Petrograd and the power went to the Russia's Soviet Bolsheviks. Many of the Kazakh elite recognized the October Revolution as an illegal act and were against it. On November 26, in the former capital of Fergana in Kokand khanate, there was convened an extraordinary 4^th congress of All-Turkestan. On November 22, in Tashkent at the Congress, there was not recognized the people's commissar of Turkestan Council, which was created without the knowledge of the local Muslim representatives, and vice versa Turkestan proclaimed an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation. The new government agency was called the Turkestan autonomy. Minister and the Minister of the Internal Affair appointed M. Tynyshbaev, and after two weeks he left and in his place there was appointed M. Shokai (4). Even after the Bolsheviks came to power, the participants did not come to a decision on the second Kazakh Congress. At the Congress, the idea was not accepted by the Kazakh state on the Soviet pattern, and it was decided to establish a national council under the name "Alashorda" that could save the Kazakh lands from the crisis. According to the prime majority of votes, A.Bukeyhanov was elected (5). On January 5th All-Russian meeting was dismissed by force, and this has led to a complication in the establishment of the Turkestan and Alashorda autonomy. In 1917, after the October Revolution, many calls were made and there were examples of the separating other nationalities from Russia. The basic principles were set out in two main documents of the Soviet regime: adopted on November 2nd, "Declaration of the Rights of Peoples of Russia", and adopted on 20th of November the program "Russia and all the Muslims of the East".

Since 1918, everything remained only on the lips of the people and did not reach the targets. In this regard, Kazakh intellectuals who tried to create autonomy were rejected by the Bolsheviks. From the first days after the establishment of the Turkestan autonomy which was not accepted by the Turkestan People's Council and it was decided to eliminate it. On February 5th Kokand was taken using force and the city was looted and set on fire in the course of three days. (6).

After such action on the part of the Soviet government, between the leaders of the Bolsheviks and Alashorda there were deep contradictions. In 1918, in the month of March on behalf of the government of Alashorda, from Uralsk to Moscow, there were sent Halel and Zhahansha Dosmukhambetov. They met with the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V. Lenin and the Commissioner on National Affairs I.V. Stalin, they handed them the report with the results of the second Kazakh Congress. On March 20^th, in the city of Semey Halel Gabbassov talked with Stalin by telegraph, about Alashorda autonomy. They did not like the suggestions of Alashorda. Therefore, the authorities decided to continue negotiations with leaders of Alashorda and at the same time with the Soviet commissar of Torgay region A. Zhangeldin, and ordered him to prepare the Congress of Soviet Kazakhstan and during the Congress to put forward the idea of the creation of the Kazakh Soviet Republic (7). But, then the Civil War began and slowed down the creation of the Soviet autonomy. In connection with the war, Kazakhs have divided with each other on the "reds" and "whites". Leaders of Alashorda did not find common ground between the Soviet authorities, and in order to preserve the autonomy went to the meeting with the Siberian Provisional Government and the All-Russian meeting of Samara Committee (8). But "white" government evinces distrust towards the Kazakh autonomy and did not want to admit it. So, they were left between two fires, and Alashorda decides to send to the negotiations to the Soviets in Moscow A.Baitursynov. Soviets government also did not recognize the program of Alashorda and offered them a Kazakh Soviet autonomy. In connection with this purpose in 1919, August 26, V.I. Lenin signed a decree on the creation of "Kirghiz (Kazakh) Revolutionary Committee". At the suggestion of A.Baitursynov, Alashorda members of the movement have been pardoned. At the end of that year, the western part of Alashorda had negotiations with the Soviets.

Kazakh Revolutionary Committee takes the top military control in the region, carrying out preparatory works for the Congress of Soviets of Kazakhstan, and also prepares the territorial boundary of the future autonomy. To carry out the work under the command of A.Baitursynov, there is the unification of the territories of Kazakh lands is carried out, once lost during the imperial Russia. After that, in 1920, on August 26^th, there is put the signature on the creation of the "Kirghiz (Kazakh) Soviet autonomy."

Thus, the Bolshevik Party did not recognize the national idea of the national intelligentsia that offered a Soviet federation. Despite this, the peoples of intelligentsia worked in Soviet autonomy for the people, but the Soviet totalitarian authorities treated them with suspicion and limited their actions in the social and public perspective.

List of references:

1. Koygeldiev M. The fate and actions of the national political elite. - Almaty, 2004 - 157 pages

2. Nurpeysuly K. Truth of Alash. - Almaty, 2010 - 91 pages

3. "Kazakh", 1917, № 238

4. A. Kara, Mustafa Shokai. Life, struggle, work. - Almaty, 2004 - 81 page

5. The history of Kazakhstan. 4 vol. - Almaty, 2010 - 125 pages

6. Kara A. the same - 84 pages

7. The history of Kazakhstan. - 115 pages

8. Alash - Orda. The collection of documents. - Almaty, 1992 - p. 126-127