Ìîðôîëîãèÿëûқ ñөçä³ê құðàñòûðóäà øåø³ì³í òàïïàғàí ìәñåëåëåð: Åò³ñ êàòåãîðèÿñû

Èãåíáåðëèíà Àéçàò Åðêèíîâíà

«Áîëàøàқ» óíèâåðñèòåò³, Қàðàғàíäû, Қàçàқñòàí

aiza86-08@mai.ru

 

Êîìïüþòåðë³ê ëèíãâèñòèêàíû қîëғà àëà áàñòàғàí êåçäå, àëäûìûçäà ïàéäà áîëғàí áàñòû ìәñåëå – áұғàí äåé³í қàçàқ ò³ë³íäå ìîðôîëîãèÿëûқ ñөçä³êò³ң æàñàëìàғàíû áîëäû. Ñîíäûқòàí àâòîìàòòàíäûðûëғàí ìîðôîëîãèÿëûқ ñөçä³ê æàñàé áàñòàäûқ. Àòàëғàí ñөçä³ê қàçàқ ò³ë³í³ң êîìïüþòåðë³ê ëèíãâèñòèêàñûíûң íåã³ç³í қàëàóäà үëêåí êөìåê áîëàäû äåï ñåíåì³ç. Àëàéäà áұë ñөçä³êò³ң әë³ äå çåðòòåï æåò³ëä³ðóä³ қàæåò åòåò³í òұñòàðû áàð. Êîìïüþòåðë³ê ëèíãâèñòèêà åë³ì³çäå æàңàäàí қîëғà àëûíà áàñòàғàíûí åñêåðñåê, äәñòүðë³ ëèíãâèñòèêàäà àâòîìàòòû òүðäå òàíóғà áåé³ìäåëìåãåí, ñîë òұðғûäàí çåðòòåëìåãåí ìәñåëåëåð æåòê³ë³êò³ áîëóû òүñ³í³êò³. Ñîëàðäûң á³ð³ åò³ñòåð êàòåãîðèÿñû.

Åò³ñ (åò³ñ êàòåãîðèÿñû) äåï àìàëäûң (³ñò³ң) ñóáúåêò³ ìåí îáúåêò³ãå қàòûñûí, ñîíäàé-àқ, êåð³ñ³íøå ñóáúåêò³ ìåí îáúåêò³í³ң àìàëғà (³ñêå) қàòûñûí á³ëä³ðåò³í ôîðìàëàðäûң æүéåñ³í àéòàìûç. Åò³ñòåð - åò³ñò³êòåí åò³ñò³ê òóäûðàòûí, өçäåð³íøå ìîðôîëîãèÿëûқ æәíå ñèíòàêñèñò³ê ñèïàòòàðû áàñқàøàëàó áîëûï êåëåò³í, á³ð àëóàí æұðíàқòàðäûң æүéåñ³. [1:153]

Åò³ñòåð æұðíàқòàðûíûң òүðëåð³íå, ìàғûíàëàðû ìåí қûçìåòòåð³íå қàðàé, òөìåíäåã³äåé áåñ òүðãå áөë³íåä³:

1.                 íåã³çã³ åò³ñ,

2.                 îðòàқ åò³ñ -ñ (-ûñ, -³ñ),

3.                 өçãåë³ê åò³ñ -ò; -òûð (-ò³ð, -äûð, -ä³ð),

4.                 ûðûқñûç åò³ñ -ûë (-³ë, ë),

5.                 өçä³ê åò³ñ -ûí (-³í, -í)

Åíä³ àâòîìàòòàíäûðûëғàí ìîðôîëîãèÿëûқ ñөçä³ê құðàñòûðóäà îñû åò³ñ êàòåãîðèÿñû áîéûíøà á³ç êåçäåñêåí êåäåðã³ëåðä³ ñèïàòòàéûқ:

1.        Åò³ñò³êòåðãå åò³ñòåðä³ң æàëғàíó çàңäûëûғû æîқ.

Êåéá³ð ñèðåê êåçäåñåò³í åò³ñò³êòåð îñû åò³ñòåðä³ң áàðëûқ  áåñ òүð³í äå қàáûëäàéäû:

1.                 îë îíàí æөí ñұðàäû;

2.                 îëàð á³ð-á³ð³íåí æөí ñұðàñòû;

3.                 îë îíàí æөí ñұðàòòû;

4.                 îíàí æөí ñұðàëäû;

5.                 îë өç³ ñұðàíäû

Àë êåéá³ð åò³ñò³êòåð áàðëûқ áåñ åò³ñ æұðíàқòàðûìåí қîëäàíûëà áåðìåéä³. Á³ðøàìà åò³ñò³êòåð өçä³ê åò³ñò³ қàáûëäàìàéäû. Îëàðғà áàðó, îқó, қûäûðó, өçãåðòó òàғû áàñқà êөïòåãåí åò³ñò³êòåðä³ æàòқûçóғà áîëàäû. Îëàðäûң íàқòû ò³ç³ì³ æîқ, çåðòòåëìåãåí.

Ìûíà åò³ñò³êòåð îðòàқ åò³ñò³ қàáûëäàìàéäû: êåáó, êөëã³ðñó, өêñó, өëó, ұìûòó, êåø³ãó ò.á.

Өçãåë³ê åò³ñò³ң үø òүð³ áàð:

1.        –äûð/ä³ð, -òûð/ò³ð

2.        –ò

3.        –ғûç/ã³ç, қûç/ê³ç

Өçãåë³ê åò³ñò³ң îñû үø òүð³ åò³ñò³êòåðä³ң áәð³íå ñөç òàëғàìàé æàëғàíà áåðìåéä³. Êåéá³ð åò³ñò³êòåðãå òåê äûð/ä³ð, òûð/ò³ð өçãåë³ê åò³ñ³ ғàíà æàëғàíàòûí áîëñà (ұìûòòûð, êåø³êò³ð), êåéá³ð åò³ñò³êòåðãå òåê ғûç/ã³ç, қûç/ê³ç åò³ñòåð³ ғàíà æàëғàíàäû (æåã³ç, áàðғûç, ê³ðã³ç), àë –ò åò³ñ³ êåéäå åò³ñò³êêå æàëғûç өç³ æàëғàíûï қîëäàíûëñà (қàðàò, өðòåò), êåéäå қàëғàí åê³ өçãåë³ê åò³ñ æұðíàқòàðûí äàóûñòû äûáûñқà àÿқòàëàòûí åò³ñò³êêå æàëғàó үø³í äәíåêåð ðåò³íäå қîëäàíûëàäû (ñөéëåòò³ð, îқûòòûð).

Ìûíà ñөçäåðãå өçãåë³ê åò³ñ æàëғàíғàí êåçäå, åò³ñ æұðíàғûíûң àëғàøқû ò әðï³ òүñ³ï қàëàäû: á³ò³ð, êåò³ð. 

Ûðûқñûç åò³ñò³ қàáûëäàìàéòûí åò³ñòåð äå áàð: àéíàëó, æàçûëó, àқñàó, øàðøàó ò.á.

 

2.        Åò³ñòåð íåã³ç³íåí ñөç òүðëåíä³ðóø³ æұðíàқ áîëғàíûìåí, êåé óàқûòòà îëàð ñөç òóäûðóøû ñèïàò àëàäû. Îíûң çàңäûëûғû æîқ.

Àéíàëó åò³ñò³ã³íå ûñ – îðòàқ åò³ñ æұðíàғûí ò³ðêåï êөðåé³ê. Àéíàëûñó ñөç³ øûқòû. Áұë åò³ñò³êòåã³ îðòàқ åò³ñ æұðíàғû á³ðíåøå àäàìíûң á³ð³ã³ï àéíàëóû ұғûìûí åìåñ, áåëã³ë³ á³ð øàðóàìåí øұғûëäàíó äåãåí әðåêåòò³ á³ëä³ðåä³.

Á³ò³ñó äåãåíäå áàðëûқ àäàìäàð ³ñò³ á³ðãå á³ò³ðä³ äåãåí ұғûì åëåñòåìåéä³ êөç àëäûìûçғà, áұë ñөçäåí æàíæàëäàñқàí åê³ æàқòûң êåë³ñ³ìãå êåëó³í òүñ³íåì³ç.

Àë æұðíàқòàðäûң ñөç òүðëåíä³ðóø³ íåìåñå ñөç òóäûðóøû áîëóû ìîðôîëîãèÿëûқ ñөçä³ê құðàñòûðóäà өòå ìàңûçäû ìәñåëå. Ñåáåá³, ñөç òүðëåíä³ðóø³ æұðíàқòàð á³ð ïàðàäèãìàíûң àñòûíà á³ð³ãåä³ äå, àë ñөç òóäûðóøû æұðíàқ àðқûëû æàñàëғàí ñөç æåêå ïàðàäèãìà áîëàäû.

Ìûñàëû:

PARADIGM:

ÀÑÛÐÀÓ       {PosTag="V", VerbTag="Tr;Inf"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÓ     {PosTag="V", VerbTag="Tr;Inf;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÏÀÓ           {PosTag="V;Neg", VerbTag="Tr;Inf;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒҚÛÇÓ        {PosTag="V", VerbTag="Tr;Inf;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒҚÛÇÁÀÓ   {PosTag="V;Neg", VerbTag="Tr;Inf;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÒÛÐÓ        {PosTag="V", VerbTag="Tr;Inf;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÒÛÐÌÀÓ  {PosTag="V;Neg", VerbTag="Tr;Inf;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÀÑÛÇ        {PosTag="V;You", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Converb1;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÀÌÛÑÛÇ {PosTag="V;You;Quest", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Converb1;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÛÏÑÛÇ     {PosTag="V;You", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Converb2;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÛÏÏÛÑÛÇ          {PosTag="V;You;Quest", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Converb2;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒҚÀËÛ       {PosTag="V", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Converb3;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒҚÀÍØÀ    {PosTag="V", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Converb4;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÏÀҚØÛÑÛÇ       {PosTag="V;You", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Future_purpose1;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÏÀҚØÛÌÛÑÛÇ            {PosTag="V;You;Quest", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Future_purpose1;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÀÉÛÍ       {PosTag="V", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Future_purpose2;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÒÛҢÛÇ     {PosTag="V;You", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Past_obvious;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÏÀÉÑÛÇ   {PosTag="V;You;Neg", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Converb1;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÏÀÉÌÛÑÛÇ       {PosTag="V;You;Neg;Quest", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Converb1;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÏÀÏÑÛÇ   {PosTag="V;You;Neg", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Converb2;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÏÀÏÏÛÑÛÇ        {PosTag="V;You;Neg;Quest", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Converb2;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÏÀÄÛҢÛÇ           {PosTag="V;You;Neg", VerbTag="Tr;Indicative;Past_obvious;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÀÉÛҚ       {PosTag="V;we", VerbTag="Tr;Imperative;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÀÉÛҚØÛ            {PosTag="V;we", VerbTag="Tr;Imperative;Compulsory"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÒÀÉÛÍ       {PosTag="V;i", VerbTag="Tr;Imperative;Compulsory"}

äåï êåòå áåðåä³ æәíå îñû á³ð ғàíà Àñûðàó ïàðàäèãìàñûíäà 1027 ñөçòұëғà áàð.

Àë Àñûðàóøû äåãåí ñөç áұë ïàðàäèãìàғà ê³ðìåéä³. Îë çàò åñ³ìäåð ñөçä³ã³íäå æåêå ïàðàäèãìà құðàéäû:

PARADIGM:

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛ           {PosTag="N;Sg;Nom"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛͲʲ   {PosTag="N;Sg;poss2;Nom"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÍÛҢ  {PosTag="N;Sg;Gen"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛͲʲͲҢ        {PosTag="N;Sg;poss2;Gen"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛҒÀ      {PosTag="N;Sg;Dat"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛͲʲÍÅ          {PosTag="N;Sg;poss2;Dat"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÍÛ     {PosTag="N;Sg;Acc"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÍ²Ê²Í {PosTag="N;Sg;poss2;Acc"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌÅÍ   {PosTag="N;Sg;Ins"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛͲʲÌÅÍ       {PosTag="N;Sg;poss2;Ins"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌÅÍÅÍ          {PosTag="N;Sg;Ins2"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛͲʲÌÅÍÅÍ  {PosTag="N;Sg;poss2;Ins2"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÄÀ      {PosTag="N;Sg;Loc"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛͲʲÍÄÅ       {PosTag="N;Sg;poss2;Loc"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÄÀҒÛ            {PosTag="N;Sg;Loc-Adj"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛͲʲÍÄÅò    {PosTag="N;Sg;poss2;Loc-Adj"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÄÀÍ   {PosTag="N;Sg;Abl"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛͲʲÍÅÍ       {PosTag="N;Sg;poss2;Abl"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌÛÍ  {PosTag="N;Sg;i"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌÛÇ  {PosTag="N;Sg;we"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌÛÑÛҢ       {PosTag="N;Sg;Quest;you"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÑÛҢ  {PosTag="N;Sg;you"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌÛÑÛÇ        {PosTag="N;Sg;Quest;You"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÑÛÇ   {PosTag="N;Sg;You"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌÛÑÛҢÄÀР          {PosTag="N;Sg;Quest;yous"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÑÛҢÄÀР     {PosTag="N;Sg;yous"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌÛÑÛÇÄÀР           {PosTag="N;Sg;Quest;Yous"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÑÛÇÄÀР      {PosTag="N;Sg;Yous"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛ           {PosTag="N;Sg;he-they"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌ        {PosTag="N;Sg;my;Nom"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌIJʲ            {PosTag="N;Sg;my;poss2;Nom"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌÍÛҢ           {PosTag="N;Sg;my;Gen"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌIJʲͲҢ     {PosTag="N;Sg;my;poss2;Gen"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌÀ     {PosTag="N;Sg;my;Dat"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌIJʲÍÅ       {PosTag="N;Sg;my;poss2;Dat"}

ÀÑÛÐÀÓØÛÌÄÛ  {PosTag="N;Sg;my;Acc"} æәíå ò.á.

Àñûðàóøû ïàðàäèãìàñû 307 ñөçòұëғàäàí òұðàäû.

Áұäàí øûғàòûí қîðûòûíäû: åò³ñ æұðíàқòàðû æàëғàíғàí êåçäå ëåêñèêàëûқ ìàғûíàñû өçãåðåò³í åò³ñò³êòåð ò³ç³ì³ æîқ. ßғíè åò³ñ æұðíàқòàðûí çåðòòåï, àòàëғàí åò³ñò³êòåð ò³ç³ì³í æàñàó қàæåò.

3.        Êåéá³ð åò³ñò³êòåð á³ð ñәòòå á³ðíåøå åò³ñ æұðíàғûí қàòàðûíàí қàáûëäàéäû. Áұë құáûëûñ áàðëûқ åò³ñò³êòåðãå òәí åìåñ æәíå îñû åò³ñò³êòåðãå åò³ñòåðä³ң æàëғàíó ðåò³ òóðàëû çàңäûëûқ æîқ. Áұғàí ìûñàë ðåò³íäå ìûíàäàé åò³ñò³êòåðä³ àòàóғà áîëàäû:

Áàéëàó – áàéëà+í+ûñ+òûð+ó

Æàëғàó – æàëғà+ñ+òûð+ó

Ñәóëåòòåó – ñәóëåòòå+í+ä³ð+ó

Қûðó – қûð+ûë+ûñ+ó

Æîғàðûäà àòàëғàíäàðäàí åò³ñ êàòåãîðèÿñûíûң қàçàқ ò³ë³íäå әë³ òîëûқòàé çåðòòåëìåãåí³í êөð³ï îòûðìûç. Қàçàқ ò³ë³í àâòîìàòòàíäûðó áàðûñûíäà îñûíäàé êөïòåãåí êåäåðã³ëåðãå êåçäåñåì³ç. Әð åò³ñò³ң åò³ñò³êòåðãå æàëғàíó çàңäûëûқòàðûí, ñòàòèñòèêàñûí, æè³ë³ã³í çåðòòåó ұçàқ óàқûò ïåí қàæûðëû åңáåêò³ қàæåò åòåä³. Áұë ìәñåëå òåê ò³ëä³ àâòîìàòòûқ òұðғûäàí òàíó үø³í ғàíà åìåñ, àóäàðìà ñàëàñû үø³í äå, қàçàқ ò³ë³í øåò ò³ë³ ðåò³íäå îқûòó үø³í äå өòå ìàңûçäû.  Ñîíäûқòàí қàçàқ ò³ë³ ëèíãâèñòåð³í³ң àëäûíäà àòқàðàð æұìûñ әë³ өòå êөï.

 

Ïàéäàëàíûëғàí әäåáèåò:

1.                À.Ûñқàқîâ. Қàç³ðã³ қàçàқ ò³ë³. Ìîðôîëîãèÿ. – Àëìàòû : Àíà
ò³ë³, 1991. – 382á.