History / General History

Eralina A.E.

Kostanay State University named after A.Baitursynov

The history of Turgai region in the works of the region’s akyns in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

In the cultural life of the Turgay region’s population special role belonged akyns creativity. At the end of XIX - early XX centuries in Turgai district akyns Zhumabai Shalabai uly, Esenzhol Zhanuzak uly, Seidakhmet Beysenuly, Abykayev Nurtazauly and others were known. It should be noted that the works of the bright representative of poetry Seidakhmet Beysenuly were published in the Ibrai Altynsarin’s "Kyrgyz anthology" in 1879. Famous Esenzhol Zhanuzakuly is a mentor in the upbringing of Ahmet Baitursynov’s poetic talent. Abykayev Nurtazauly was familiar with Abai Kunanbayev and considered himself his disciple. His poem "Jute" kept to this day in the literary foundation of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan [157], the writing this poem was caused by the events of 1879/80 years. / “Goyang zhyl”/

The development of animal husbandry was influenced by winter 1879-80 years /“Goyang zhyl” /, which was severe and prolonged that had not noticed before. According to the information, in late October in the Turgai region the rain was dropped, there was cold weather, sleet was formed, making it difficult to obtaining cattle grazing. In December the strong storms and blizzards came, which lasted almost daily throughout the winter during the cold, returns in February to -28 degrees. Up to half of April the land was not cleared of snow to allow the cattle to produce, even if meager, sockets food. Meanwhile, as usual herd of Kazakhs enjoy fresh spring food since mid-March. With such an unusually disastrous for cattle ranching conditions Kazakhs perished in large numbers scattered violent hurricanes, and in particular, weakened in the late winter of starvation and cold, being unable to penetrate the hoof icy snow crust to get a paltry remains of grass.

When nomadic economic system, based mainly on the use of the pasture throughout the year, there is no way to prevent this kind of disaster. To combat them, there was no appropriate means both in the hands of the Kazakhs and administration. Therefore, in the winter of 1879-1880 there was a large percentage of the loss of livestock. So, if in 1879 the number of horses in Turgai district was 156,142, heads of cattle - 38,973, heads of sheep and goats - 786,770, camels - 75,599 heads, and during the winter 1879-1880 the number of killed horses was 127,121, heads of cattle - 19,982, heads of sheep and goats - 577,558, camels - 32086 head, that was 72% of all cattle. Not only harsh winter, but a poor harvest, wildfires in Turgai district townships, and destroyed the best reeds going for animal feed, and stockpiles of hay, the distribution between the need of the remaining public reserve in the amount of hay 325,000 pounds of cattle have aggravated the situation in the province.

Last jute of 1891-1892 also caused great damage to pecuarii of Turgay region. Fears for the future well-being of the Kazakh herds began to emerge in May and June 1891, when in the desert, so early in the ensuing drought, the grass was not quite as well in low places where there is enough moisture, all young vegetation was eaten or filly or locusts. Preceding winter 1890-1891 gg. was little snow, so the spring flood of the rivers are not observed, the rain almost all counties Turgay region was no exception was only one Turgay County. The county grass tebenevki were satisfactory and could provide a one-year local cattle food, but they were potravleny cattle neighboring counties affected by the lack of food. Kazakhs Nicholas County, a significant portion of their herds, about one-quarter, surpassed in Turgai county, and in all parishes of the county except Kyzyldzhingelskoy could meet the cattle belonging to the Kazakhs Nicholas County. In addition, the parish: Sarykopinskoy, Karaturgayskoy 2nd Naurzum and Kyzyldzhingelskoy Turgai district, there were many cattle driven to winter sustenance of Atbasar, Kokshetau and Petropavlovsk districts of Akmola region. It should be noted that a large number of animals concentrated within Turgai district became a negative impact on relations between neighbors, the Kazakhs Turgay and Nicholas counties. In January, the Kazakhs Turgay County began to harass relatives of Nicholas County, extorting money for grazing; who refused to comply with the requirements of those illegally taken animals, as the victims were forced to bring to the district authorities.

Turgai masters were famous not only for their products but also the songs and the ability to carry on a conversation. "The Kazakhs are stand out among all of its neighbors by the gift of speech. The speech of every Kazakh is smooth and free, he can not only recite long improvisations in verse, but it is usually characterized by a certain rhythm phrases and periods, so that it often is like poetry. It is figurative, expressions are clear and precise, so the Kazakhs can justifiably be called the Frenchmen of West Asia "- characterized the Kazakhs V.V.Radlov in the end of XIX century [2 S.332,333]. This assessment is particularly true for the Kazakhs of Turgay.

Kuderi Zholdybayuly-akyn of Turgay district was the part of the national liberation movement in 1916. The events of 1879-1881 jute's poem dedicated to "Zhalpak koyan", which was written by him on the advice of Ibrai Altynsarin. The events of 1916 are dedicated to the work "Amangeldіnіn Torgaydy aluy", "Alіbi Zhangeldіulyna." Among the people Kuderi Zholdybayuly was nicknamed "Sarbaz-bard" which means warrior poet. [3]

Literature:

1. Обзоры Тургайской области.-Оренбург,1880,1882 годы. Ведомости.

2. Радлов В.В. Из Сибири. Страницы дневника.- М., 1989. С.252.

3. Ламашев Ә. Ыбырай Алтынсарин және оның ізбасарлары.-А.,1990