History/ 2. General History

The method as a way of understanding the knowledge of historical reality

SA Turezhanova Ph.D., Associate Professor, Nurushevа GK undergraduate

Kostanai State University A.Baitursynov

In historical science, both Soviet and Russian as the traditionally dominated and dominates the view of the explanation as a universal method of scientific knowledge. Here we have the position, which identifies a way of knowing the sciences and humanities, do not focus on the epistemological features of each of them. For domestic humanists and historians for a long time, meaning the Soviet era, it was not familiar to the full (of course for ideological reasons), the concept of justification accepted in the second half of 1 in. features humanities. Many representatives of historical knowledge in the late 1 - early XX opposed the use of natural methods of knowledge in historical scholarship. As an alternative method, they put forward a new method of research, which is borrowed from hermeneutics. The word "hermeneutics" Greek origin and originally stood for the art of interpreting or interpretation of the texts, their understanding and translation into another language. Etymologically it is connected with the name of Hermes, which in ancient mythology was considered a messenger of the gods of Olympus, to bring people their command. To make people understand the divine language, Hermes was supposed to be not only an intermediary in the communication between gods and men, but also as a translator and interpreter of divine thoughts [1, p. 123]. Hermeneutics as a practical art of interpretation and understanding of ancient texts, especially historical works first appeared in ancient Greece. Education stories are beginning to study the works of Herodotus, the understanding of which has been associated with considerable difficulties both because of its mythological content, and that the remoteness in time of writing. Therefore Athenian history teacher "had a lot to do, unless scientists explaining the simple interpretation, hermeneutics, and the resort to criticism" [1, p. 134]. Formation of the practices of hermeneutics began to search for empirical rules of interpretation and understanding of texts of different content. Theoretical Foundations of hermeneutics were created in 1819 by the German scientist F.Shleyermaherom which it interpreted as the art of understanding. This art should be equally applied to both the understanding of the Scriptures and historical records, works of art, legal documents.

The new approach Schleiermacher significantly different from the previous in that it is proposed to consider the text as a special kind of dialogue between the author and his interpreter. The process of understanding, in his opinion, carried out by two interrelated and complementary interpretations; grammatical and psychological psychological interpretation seeks to identify the individual characteristics of the author's text, focusing on the events of his life, his views and the spiritual world. To truly understand the text, the interpreter must penetrate to the spiritual world of the author, feel and experience what he experienced. Insisting on the need to correlate the texts with the cultural and historical factors of their appearance and their attitude to life, Schleiermacher largely contributed to the emergence of a new concept of hermeneutic understanding. This is in general the characteristic appearance and features of the method of understanding in hermeneutics. In explaining the historical knowledge are closely intertwined with the interpretation and understanding, because they are closely linked to meaningful action, and the behavior of people in the past. After all, the deeper and more fully we discover goals and motives of human behavior, the better understand their actions and deeds. At the same time, we understand the historical action, the clearer and more precise we can explain them. However, in contrast to the explanations contained in the understanding of a particular subjective psychological nuance associated with the perception of thoughts, feelings and spiritual life. Subsequently, many historians objected, so the use of natural methods in historical knowledge. Therefore, as an alternative method of studying, they put forward a specific method of cognition and characterized it as a way of interpreting and understanding of historical events and processes. However, the understanding of historical knowledge seems to have its own specifics in comparison with other areas of knowledge. The initial methodological basis of the method of understanding the historical knowledge of the ideas contained in the representatives of the Baden school of neo-Kantianism Windelband and Rickert. V.Diltey (1833-1911) although it did not belong to this school, but advanced in many respects similar, the general idea of the need for a method of understanding the historical knowledge. V.Diltey, particularly the feature of historical knowledge identified with psychological positions. We always understand more than we know and experience more than understand. "In all the history the energies - writes Dilthey - all we see before us, as it were objectified psychic life, the products of existing mental forces of order, strong education, built from mental components and their laws. This mental life has a structural relationship that is experienced. As we are experiencing internally perceive this structural link, covering all passion, suffering the fate of human life - because we understand human life, and all the depths of the abyss of the human "[2]. The experiences and understanding create a special sphere of experience, a special science. Nobody, for example, will not be able to withdraw particular historical and cultural development of the XVIII century France. occurrence of the features of geological strata, from the natural background of the planet in the historical period. But to understand these features can be, experiencing and understanding the internal features of spiritual edifice of the French in this century, particularly their psychology, their literature, their philosophy. This understanding of the «inside» through an internal empathy gives us any historical reality. The method of understanding when its realization would certainly include an explanation. There is no in between Wall. However, in our opinion, the explanation here longer appears as a consequence of the application of the method of understanding. The explanation stems from an understanding of the specific situational historical epoch, time, the subjective nature of the investigated food personality. Therefore, the method of explanation appears more objective, more adequately reflect the studied historical problem.

List of references

1.Blass F. Hermeneutics and criticism. - Odessa: Foreign Literature, 1991. - 183 p.

2.Diltey B. Introduction to the science of the spirit: Experience positing basis of the study of society and history. Coll. cit .: 6 m .: - M .: Nauka, 2000. - T. 3 - 420.