Экономические
науки/10.Экономика предприятия
асс. Парфенчук И.А.
Днепропетровский
национальный университет имени Олеся Гончара, Украина
Theoretical Foundations of Competitiveness Management of Ukrainian
Enterprises under Conditions of Globalization
Abstract
The category of “competitiveness” is analyzed. Much attention is given to modern market in competitive
environment. Scientific approaches to enterprise management are substantiated.
Key
words: competitiveness, market, enterprise management, globalization,
scientific approaches.
Modern process of globalization requires substantiation of new
approaches to competitive management of economic entities (enterprises, firms,
corporations, etc.) and thus manage (increase) the national economy
competitiveness.
Managing competitiveness of
economic entities is carried out in the present conditions of dynamic changes of
external and internal factors, which affect the overall increase or decrease in
competitiveness of national economy. Important theoretical and applied tasks
are the study of competitiveness of management enterprise paradigm that will
provide an opportunity to give an in-depth study of category of
competitiveness and to offer recommendations to improve the competitiveness of
enterprises.
Both foreign and Ukrainian scientists have thoroughly examined a wide
range of theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of management of
enterprise competitiveness under conditions of globalization. This
problem received attention in works
of S.Certo [13], A. Marck [14], G.Mintzberg [5], M.Porter [7], J.B.Quinn [15],
B.A.Reisberg, L.Sh.Lozovsky, E.D.Starodubtseva [8], R.A.Fathootdinov [9],
R.Whittington [16], A.I.Amosha [1], M.V.Matviets [3; 4], S.Yu.Haminich, A.A.Pabat [10], N.G.Chumachenko [11],
A.A.Chuhno [12], etc.
Necessity and practical significance of these issues is connected
with restructuring of enterprise
management activity as a complex economic system.
At the same time further investigations will continue to elucidate features and approaches to management of
economic entities in the context of globalization, taking into account the
principles of synergetic, existence and transformation of economic systems and
market.
Market is a place of purchase and sale of services, trade deals, economic
relations connected with the exchange of goods and services which results in demand,
supply and price. According to the type, markets are divided into markets of
raw materials, jewellery, capital goods, real estate, consumer goods and
services, information and intellectual (spiritual) product, innovation,
capital, currency, securities, labour, employment and labour force. According
to the coverage of area markets are divided into world, zoned, regional and
country markets. And if applied to each country, markets can be internal and
external. According to competition level, markets are divided into highly
competitive (free) markets, markets of monopolistic competition, oligopolistic
and monopolistic (closed) markets. Legal (official) and illegal (shadow, black)
markets are also distinguished. Securities markets are divided into primary and
secondary (where resale of securities occurs) [8, P.304].
The category of market is capacious, with a variety of functions which
are implemented in competitive environment.
Structural changes in international labour division, changes in the
structures of both international and national markets of goods and services enhance
the impact of globalization on economic, commercial, scientific, technical,
managerial activities of enterprises.
Globalization is understood as international nature of something,
planetarity, huge scale of something, completeness of coverage [2, P. 246].
Processes occurring in enterprises,
markets, countries are of international nature, they have universal coverage
and present globalization.
Competitiveness of companies under the current conditions is based on
globalization.
Modern market requires a
reinterpretation of the components forming the main market entities. Namely the
integration of economy of any country during globalization forms the main
factors of increasing and management of competitiveness: human
capital, human resources corresponding
to international requirements of labour market; intellectual potential based on
innovative approaches; conformity of products with international standards ISO
9000; improvement of products in
domestic national or regional markets; empowerment and strengthening of rights
of national producers in international
market of goods and services; increasing labour productivity in national
economy sectors and on the level of economic entities, implementation of
effective innovation policy in the areas of economic entities (a set of
production, scientific, technical, economic, administrative links of mechanism
in order to achieve the main company's mission). It aims to occupy a favourable
position and a position of a business entity in ever-changing marketing
environment and fair competition in international market of goods and services).
Transformation of market environment
determined consideration, analysis of managing competitiveness of enterprises
as objective socio-economic process of modern period in national economy
development.
In contrast to previous periods
(administrative command economic system,
market economy) characterized by
strict regulation of enterprise economic activity, modern stage of economic
development is based on efficient managing
competitiveness of economic entities (companies, firms) and, thus, increasing (managing)
competitiveness of national economy.
Considering the category of
competitiveness, the author stresses that the views of scientists are based on
singling out (from their point of view) more important specific features
forming these concepts.
Some scientists believe that the
defining characteristic of the category of competitiveness is the ability of
business entities, economic system or the whole country to competitiveness. In
some cases certain components of a particular characteristic are used:
-
the ability to create goods;
-
resource efficiency;
-
steady state economy of a country;
-
using of strategies;
-
confrontation of international competition;
-
object properties;
-
improving efficiency of national production, etc. [7].
As a whole the category of competitiveness
can not be considered without the category of competition. Competition (derived
from Latin concurrentia – collide) is competition between producers (sellers)
of goods, and in general – between any economic market entities; struggle for
sales markets in order to get more income, profits and other benefits. Competition
is a civilized, legalized form of struggle for existence of the most effective
mechanisms of selection and management in market economy.
The author agrees, in light of the
above, that basic concepts of M.Porter are most perfect, comprehensive and
fundamental as compared with concepts of other scientists.
M.Porter stands on the point that
competitiveness is the property of goods, services and subjects of market
relations to act on the market on a par with present and similar goods,
services or competing entities of market relations. Competition motivates to
increase competitiveness of business entities and thus to control it. Considering
management as a conscious purposeful action on the part of subjects and organs
on people and economic entities carried out with the aim to direct their
actions and get the desired results, the author emphasizes that the main desired
result is receiving profits. The next task of an enterprise is acceptance of
competent management solutions for efficient management of competitiveness.
Using various tools and factors it is
necessary to determine main directions which have a positive effect on managing
competitiveness and to identify possible risks. The author analyzes scientific
approaches to management of competitiveness of entities and supports the view
of R.A.Fathootdinov [9]. So systematic approach is interpreted as “methodology
of study of objects as systems” [9, P. 98]. However, it is rarely used in economic
research due to complexity of transformation of abstract processes, categories and
phenomena into concrete ones.
Logical approach under conditions of globalization is used more
and more often. It is based on principles of dialectical logic (objective
consideration, philosophical perception of primacy, material and secondariness
of ideal, comprehensive consideration - philosophical perception of universal
connection, historicism - consideration an object in its development) and
principles of formal logic (identity - requirement of specific thinking,
non-contradiction - sequence of thinking, justification - the truth of
statements can not be taken for granted).
Functional approach to management of competitiveness
involves use of complex functions (marketing function is aimed at meeting needs
of a consumer with the product itself (its quality, properties and consumer
need), price, sales market and promotion. It is oriented on solving any
problems in external and internal markets. This approach includes definition of
significance and priority of instruments on the market.
It is important to focus attention on
situational approach (alternativity of achieving goals [9, P. 144],
standardizing approach (establishing certain rules, regulations and standards),
integration approach (strengthening of interaction among business entities) [9,
P. 130].
In general, all used scientific
approaches to management of competitiveness can be effective in a complex.
Thus, market is a complex
system, which should be based primarily on economic laws, taking into account
competitive advantages of business entities. Managing competitiveness under
conditions of globalization should be considered with using of systematic,
marketing, complex, functional, situational, standardizing and integration
approaches in a complex.
Making effective management decisions, it is important to use knowledge
and analysis of operation of market economic laws, interaction of political and
economic systems with state regulation of business entities’ activities, introduction
of modern innovative methods, models and principles of management under
conditions of high competition.
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