N.V. Shebeta, student

National University of Food Technologies

Migration processes in the world

Characteristics of international migration can be made only on the basis of territorial distribution (geographical location) of each administrative unit. International migration concerns territorial population movement that crosses boundaries. The reasons for migration can be various factors. Therefore, there are the following types of international migration: irrevocable, time-constant (1 to 6 years), seasonal, pendulum (daily, weekly moving to work in a neighboring country).

 Economic, political and military factors exercise a direct influence on the international migration. Economic and political factors are more or less permanent, military linked to political development in some countries, and wars that generate forced migration. Although forced migration caused by non-economic reasons also leads to labor redistribution between countries, affecting the economic development of both emigration and immigration. Today, the main directions of international labor migration has been formed:

- Migration from developing countries to industrialized countries;

- Migration within industrialized countries;

- Migration between developing countries;

- Migration of scientists and qualified professionals from industrialized countries to developing countries;

- Migration from post-socialist countries to developed countries [2].

An important area of international labor migration is the use of a significant proportion of employees on the foreign subsidiaries by transnational corporations. As a result, subsidiaries of the American multinationals employed more than 7 million people in the late 90s of XX century, particularly in the United States where foreign companies employ over 3 million people.

Migration processes are terminated if the economy develops successfully, creates jobs and as a result, people can find a job. As an example, let us consider Japan. Emigration of citizens from that country ended in 60th years of XX century but in the 90-s the population started migrating, from other countries to Japan. The researchers believe that migration in the near future will not stop. It can not be reduced as there exist significant differences in conditions and salaries, social and cultural development of various countries. Worldwide starting from 01.01.2013, there are 270-300 million of migrants. In the 80-90-s the migration was predominantly economic, concerned with employment, but since 2011 so-called environmental migration in the world began to increase. Frequent earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding , tornadoes, tsunamis, forest and peat fires, lack of drinking water encourage people to seek environmentally friendly places to stay. The middle class people and rich people are involved in the migration process [4].

Migration of labor to Ukraine is a negative phenomenon because usually migrate promising and ambitious people who have received at home necessary education and qualifications or young people who agree to any work and low wages without any guarantees. The main problem is difficulty to realize their potential in a volatile political situation, uncertainty in the future, which forms the motivation of modern migration. More than a fifth of all immigrants are scientists, doctors, teachers who enrich the human capital of the developed countries. Migration has a negative impact on the demographic situation. Usually forced migration is accompanied with weakening family ties and, consequently, family break.

According to the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 629,372 people left Ukraine in 2012, migration gain was 13,447 people. Most migrants were from the following regions:

- ARC (Crimea) - 25,727 people (an increase of 3470 persons);

- Volyn region - 18,975 (an increase of 78 people);

- Odessa region - 33,045 people (an increase of 6619 people);

- Kyiv - 32,256 people (at height 23400 people) [7].

From 1996 to 2011 1622 scientists left Ukraine, including 1,290 PhDs and 332 Doctors. Most scientists left the country in 1996 – 267 people. According to the official data, in 2003 the number of scientists and immigrants decreased significantly. The leader among the countries to which Ukrainian researchers have moved, is the United States. 343 candidates and 77 doctors moved to the States during this period. Russia takes the second place, it employed 388 scientists. Germany has the third position - 251 scientists moved to this country. In addition, a considerable outflow of the scientific personnel is in Israel (171), Canada (109), and Poland (52). In 2012 the number of scientists who emigrated abroad almost tripled. The most populated among Ukrainian migrants, according to statistics, was Italy (official number of citizens of Ukraine in the country is 208,796), Germany (159,308) and Russia (126 374). The first five were also the Czech Republic, where the number of visitors from Ukraine reached 116,371 and Israel (97,617 Ukrainian). In addition, a lot of citizens of Ukraine legally reside in Spain - 77,217 Ukrainian people, USA - 59917, Greece - 50,081, Portugal -48,022 and Canada, where their number is 43 000 [7].

The dominant in economic activities of Ukrainian men are construction; home care prevails among women. It is estimated that about one quarter of all migrants working abroad is irregular. Ukraine's migration policies must be based on intergovernmental agreements with countries which are potential users of our workforce [3]. The main tasks of the Ukrainian state are: security and providing for people the necessary social and economic conditions, the return of migrants to Ukraine, which requires socially active citizens and qualified workers, job creation, programs of improvement and regional development, protection of citizens working abroad, providing them with legal employment by signing relevant international agreements, visa facilitation. Appropriate to outline promising measures that would reduce migration of labor from Ukraine.

References:

1. Сайт Світового Банку. [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://www.worldbank.org/

2. Міграційні процеси в світі, їх причини і наслідки. [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://www.ubs-nashe.com.ua/docs/migration.pd.

3. Сучасні міграційні процеси: світові тенденції, європейські та українські особливості. [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://lib.chdu.edu.ua/pdf/naukpraci/politics/2007 / 69-56-19.pdf

4. Міграція робочої сили. Суть, причини і наслідки. [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://pidruchniki.ws/18000102/politekonomiya/migratsiya_robochoyi_sili_sut_prichini_naslidki

5. Гринкевич С.С. Міжнародна міграція робочої сили та її розвиток в Україні / С.С. Гринкевич, І.Р. Груй. [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://tourlib.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/nvnltu/Grynkiewycz_16_3.pdf.

6. Школа І.М. Міжнародні економічні відносини : навч. посібн. / І.М. Школа, В.М. Козменко. – Чернівці : Вид-во "Рута". – 1996. – 250 с.

7. Міграція в Україні: цифри і факти. [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://www.slideshare.net/presscvua/factsfigures-b5-uaf

8. Міграція населення. [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://pidruchniki.ws/1376112038581/rps/migratsiya_naselennya