Экономические науки/ 6.Маркетинг и менеджмент

Rabazanova A.A., Nugumanova U.

Karaganda economic university of Kazpotrebsoyuz, Kazakhstan

THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLOOMY TOURISM IN THE WORLD

Human curiosity is huge. The person is ready to do anything, to see something interesting and exciting, even if it there is a certain amount of risk. Pay attention this fact, many representatives of travel agencies organize so-called "gloomy" or dark tours. Their main purpose is visiting places of man-made environmental disasters, ancient tombs, ancient cemeteries. Also, everyone can take a look at the consequences of natural disasters. Most of the adventurers go to these places to get a share of adrenaline. Of course, not everyone approves of this kind of tours. For example, New Orleans authorities have imposed a ban on the visit of tourists who want to witness the consequences of the "Katrina" hurricane legendary. Only this could stop the crowd, who want to look at the destruction. But the Thai authorities was not against, which is why the flow of tourists not only declined, even on the contrary - it has led to an increase in their number. All interested persons can without any problems to look at the consequences of the terrible hurricane, which struck the coast in 2009. So let's understand what is a gloomy tourism and what it is.

The story of dark tourism

For the first time the expression "dark" or "dark tourism» was used in 1996 in the journal International Journal of Heritage Studies. Since it came into use. But it was more widespread since 2000, after the publication of the book "Dark Tourism", by Scottish University Professors Malcolm Foley and John Lennon.

This type of tourism involves visits to sites associated with death and destruction. The first travel agency specializing in dark tourism, started its activities with the tour on the crash of the airship "Hindenburg" in Lakehurst US military airport. [1]

There are several types of dark tourism.

The first of all is disaster tourism. It offers to visit areas affected by natural disasters – such as natural and man-made. There are earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, typhoons, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, and so on. The practice of many travel agencies shows that tourists are often activated just after the disaster. So, nowadays the one of the popular visiting is New Orleans, where was been Hurricane Katrina, and the South Asian areas affected by the earthquake and tsunami, and so on. Extremals often go to so-called "toxic tours" to places of ecological disasters (eg, Chernobyl exclusion zone). This idea came from the organization "Greenpeace", which thus decided to draw people's attention to environmental issues.

Why are people so interested to know all about disasters? As dark tourism, "disaster tourism" attracts more curious people. Maybe they want to get reliable information from primary sources, to see with their own eyes without intermediaries. Maybe people believe that if a disaster occurred in a specific location, it will not happen there more. Some people just love to be in a place to crash.

It is clear that whatever the reasons for the "disaster tourism", in every cases, the influx of tourists in the ruined place carries economic bonuses cities and countries. When the process of reconstruction begins, tourists and the media lose interest and, therefore, material support of the destroyed places of stops.[2]

The next type is mystic tourism.

These days it is becoming increasingly popular tourism with a mystical bent. Hungry for chilling adventure shaft knocked on a visit to the ghosts, vampires and famous deceased. There are plenty of places where you can find "ghosts and demons”. Consider a few of them:

Unsurpassed leader of the ghosts on a "country of ghosts" - the United Kingdom, the benefit, the situation has: neither the old castle, of which there are many, is a mysterious spirit. The owners of the time do not lose their locks for free and get to their estates excursions.

Most Haunted castles are in the Lake District, located in the northwest of England. Millions of years ago in a huge volcanic vault glaciers have created deep valleys with steep slopes and narrow elongated lakes. However, many tourists don’t fascinate the natural beauty, they have the opportunity to face with a ghost, and then hunt for it. Fun starts at 7.5 pounds sterling per night.

"Hunting" season runs from September to March - this time of year are particularly active spirits. "Ghostbusters" remain in the castle at night. It begins with a candlelit dinner, where photos and videos of terrible murders are showed that occurred in these places. The waiters and tour guides make up for the walking dead, fanged vampires and sinister monks.

After dinner, tourists differ from room to room. And after midnight, all output to the dark garden: listen to eerie moans and howls. In fact, chilling sound is hung on the trees, special tubes, and many castles have resorted to holography and laser image projection. Faced with man-made "ghost" can be in the hallway or even in your room. And coming on the street, it's hard to pass by the ghost of Jack the Ripper, or hanging in the sky revived dog of the Baskervilles.

Very popular among tourists enjoy today, "Excursion to the home of Count Dracula." The legendary Vlad Cepesh, famed for his cruelty and bloodlust, loved to watch as people die painfully, then arranged for the mass executions and according to popular rumor, regularly drank human blood. He was the prototype of the hero of the novel by Bram Stoker - Dracula.

There is Bran Castle In Transylvania, built in the XIV century high on a hill, it is known as Dracula's Castle. The gloomy gothic architecture, narrow passages and stone stairs are reminded of the distant and terrible reign of Vlad III. There is furniture in the XV century, Dracula bed, a collection of weapons and instruments of torture for the people, ancient armor. Guides pour entertaining stories about the life of the most famous vampire.

All of examples show us the attractiveness of these tourism. A lot of people chase the mystical feelings. The film industry is teeming with such films and TV shows, it draws young people on such travels. And probably believe in the mystical is inherent in the human.

The third type of dark tourism is more stringent, in my opinion. This type involves visiting cemeteries, places of sacrifice, to visit the room of torture. The name is "death tourism".

Cemeteries - an integral part of any society. With human populations coexist always necropolis - "city of the dead." Church is considered a sin and a violation of the desecration of graves of the dead rest. Nevertheless, there is a need for people to visit the place of eternal rest. Worldwide cemetery tourism as an integral part of tourism nostalgic, popular for a long time. Some cemeteries will talk about the country, its history, way of life more than any guidebook. Therefore, in many countries of the world are the same cemetery attractions like museums, palaces and other cultural facilities.

The popularity of this type of leisure tourism shows that trips to Paris Pere Lachaise cemetery or the Valley of the Dead in Luxor has long been part of the classical program of tours. On the wave of interest in the necropolises Russian writer Boris Akunin published the book "Graveyard of history ', which describes the six most famous cemeteries in the world. The book is made up of six separate chapters, each of which is devoted to one of the most famous and mysterious cemeteries of the world:

1. Don Cemetery (Moscow)

2. Highgate Cemetery (London)

3. Pere Lachaise Cemetery (Paris)

4. Green-Wood Cemetery (New York)

5. Foreign Cemetery (Yokohama)

6. The Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives (Jerusalem).

Taking in attention current trends in tourism, French researcher Bertrand Beyern published a book with the description of about 7 thousand tombs and an indication of their location. The writer tried to help readers to answer two questions: where buried this or that celebrity, and the dust, some famous people buried in the locality of France. According to the author, the book will allow readers to enrich their knowledge on the history and culture of France. Among the most visited graves author called Napoleon's tomb in Paris Invalides Cathedral and the Pantheon, where the remains of the most worthy sons and daughters of France.

In recent years tours of the cemeteries in America become increasingly popular among tourists. For example, in New York on the eve of All Saints' Day is organized a special tour of the Brooklyn cemetery, where many famous personalities repose. Necropolis of Green-Wood in Brooklyn and is famous among New Yorkers. Back in 1866 in the "New York Times" called the three dreams of the average New Yorker to live on Fifth Avenue, a walk in Central Park, and be buried in Green-Wood. For more than 10 years on the eve of Halloween cemetery historian Jeff Richman conducts a tour for lovers of mysticism. Among other celebrities in Green-Wood descendant of the first settlers, William Poole, who became famous in the film "Gangs of New York" as Bill the Butcher, as well as the majority of victims of the September 11 tragedy.

Memorial Park "Forest Lawn" in California - a place where lies a lot of Hollywood stars Walt Disney, Jean Harlow, Humphrey Bogart and others. The park was established in 1907 on the money of the banker Hubert Eaton. Hubert invited Frederick Law Olmsted, the famous landscape designer, he makes the cemetery Memorial Park. As a result, the cemetery coveted not only dead, but alive - it is visited by more than half a million people a year, many - to relax.

The excursion program for tourists from the CIS countries includes visiting Russian cemetery of Saint Genevieve de Bois. The famous cemetery is located 30 km south of Paris in the eponymous town of Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois. There in 1927 princess Mescherskaya Russian House was established. Now, on the cemetery of Saint Genevieve de Bois rest 10,000 natives of the former Russian Empire. Among them, the officers of the White Guard, several members of the Romanov family, grand dukes and princesses. At the cemetery, you can see the tombstones and memorials Cossacks, cadets, Kornilovists, Kolchak, kutepovtsam, alekseevtsam, Wrangel and their leaders, the tomb of the founders of modern French ballet - Lifar Kshesinskaia Transfiguration; Artists - Somov, Korovin, Makovsky, Dobuzhinsky, Serebryakova; Writers - Merezhkovsky, Gippius, Nekrasov, Maximova, Taffy, Bunin, Zaitsev, Remizov; and Galich, Nureyev, Tarkovsky, Zinovy Peshkov and many other famous people.

Visit the graves of ancestors has become so fashionable in the UK that the guides on the different countries publish the entire routes "cemetery tourism". Naturally, one of the main places of pilgrimage become India for a long time was under British domination.

Thus, death tourism objects are present in many countries around the world. Many of them are already involved in the excursion programs, but most of the needs in-depth study, including preparation of special maps, route development, training of highly qualified guides and other activities. In Zurich, Switzerland, tourists come to ... die. The fact that this is Switzerland - the only country in the world where euthanasia is legalized, not only for its residents but also for visitors. According to official statistics, each year decide to die here no less than hundreds of tourists.

Another type of gloomy travel site of the tragedy - «Dark tourism» or «Black Tourism". The term came into use in 1996, after it was first used in the "International Journal of Heritage Studies". The wide use became common after the publication in 2000 of the book "Black tourism» ( "Dark Tourism"), written by professors of the University of Glasgow, Scotland Malcolm Foley and John Lennon.

By "black tourism" means visits to places of tragic events, such as a trip to Auschwitz, to the places of historical battles such as Gettysburg and Bosworth, or visiting crime scenes (such as Jack the Ripper in Whitechapel). Malcolm Foley and John Lennon emphasize that the guides in these areas face a dilemma: they must tell the truth, showing at the same time, respect for the memory of the victims. It is not always possible during the tour, which can be organized more as recreational activities, rather than an event in order to commemorate the victims, and the use of such sites in the commercial and promotional purposes may distort the purpose of the tour.

All these types of dark tourism is not a novelty, but just now there is a huge interest in people in such tourist services. But what affects people so? Consider the comments of famous personalities to this situation.

In his doctoral work in 2010, Philip Stone wrote that "dark tourism" - a "gate of society in which death is prohibited in hospitals and nursing homes," - quoted by Tagesspiegel. German researcher Stefan tourism Kyublbek noted that this type of "entertainment" help "open up through the suffering of others and to feel himself a man." And here is what the blogger maxinabox about his impressions from the trip to Chernobyl, "then remembered a hundred years ago to read Stephen King with his" Armageddon. " Generally about it and it had value for me - to see the place, similar to the ones that fascinated me at a young age in fiction literature and films. Where does a man craving for something similar, I don’t have a rough idea. "

Foreign media is considered the goal of "black tourism" as follows:

“Midstream”, 1 may, 2005: When you visit the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC, you are engaging in what specialists call “dark tourism” — travel to a site associated with atrocity or public tragedy.

“Observer”, 23 October, 2005: “Dark tourism” sites are important testaments to the consistent failure of humanity to temper our worst excesses and, managed well, they can help us to learn from the darkest elements of our past.

What do you think, why such tours attract a large number of people? From whether, in each of us is craving for destruction, the desire to experience a strong experience that would violate the usual course of our lives? Desire at least not for a long time to touch the eternal "nothing" to look into the abyss? And then sweet squint and say to yourself: "Well, it did not happen to me." Not from this whether the painful love of disasters we so eagerly and hopefully from year to year forward end of the world? Is that why so successfully used disaster movies and travel to places of real disasters and human suffering?

Having considered this topic can end up that no matter what the reason for the development of tourism, the main thing is that now this business is very profitable for the travel agencies. And if we can not change anything, you have to go with the flow.

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