PhD, Ableeva
A.M.
Chapter theoretical basis yield grain
Grain - is not only food for the population, but also an indispensable
food for livestock and poultry. Grain is an important source of raw materials
for brewing, alcohol, animal feed industry. At the cost of crop production
crops about 35%, and in the structure of sown areas, they account for almost
60%. On the production of grain consumed 20% of all labor costs in crop
production.
Grain, as agricultural production, in economic terms has several
advantages. It is well kept in dry form is easily transported over long
distances, has a high degree of flow ability. All these features of the grain
are used in the construction of grain elevators, silos, as well as transport
and the creation of public stocks of food and feed. Agriculture is the starting
point for grain production and the initial stage of manufacturing the final
product. Grain production employs more than 15% of agricultural workers.
Implementation of the grain gives agricultural producers about 18% of revenue.
Contemporary situation in grain farming and the grain market of the
country, was the result of many internal and external reasons, the main of
which includes adverse macroeconomic conditions of grain farming, associated
with the deformation of inter-industry relations, costs of ongoing agrarian
reform, heightened disparity in prices for grain and industrial products, a
sharp reduction in state support for the grain industry and the lack of active
management of the grain market, etc. This has greatly contributed to the
destruction and degradation of its productive capacity, low susceptibility to
the introduction of scientific and technological progress and strengthening
de-intensification of the industry, followed by a nearly ubiquitous ongoing
reduction in the area of the grain of the wedge and the volume of
grain production, the continued deterioration of its territorial and sector
structure and grain quality, steady "compression" of the economy the
grain industry, reducing its share of world gross harvest of grain crops. As we
know the market is a system of socio-economic relations in the area of
exchange, through which products sell. Market is the link between producer and
consumer. The market emerged and exacerbated economic and social problems led
to a reduction in grain production. Grain on a daily basis, is a biological
liquid of complex composition, containing all the nutrients: proteins, fats,
carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins.
Grain needed in the country for food needs of 500 thousand tons over the
past 10 years produced 1,279.8 thousand tons in the same time, food grain for
bread and pasta production is completely insufficient. Bashkortostan has a
large area of arable land of 4.8 million hectares. More than half
of that land is black soil of various kinds with good natural fertility. The
country has gained great scientific and practical experience in the production
of grain, the volume of which in some years reached 6 million tons and more
With the application of modern intensive technologies and the
introduction of higher doses of fertilizers and crop protection agricultural
enterprises of the republic with the growth in demand for grain could produce
it in large quantities. Note that in some periods the area of
grain crops in the country amounted to 2.5-3 million hectares. It
is also important that the production of grain - the only major sector of
agriculture, which has been and remains profitable through the years and in all
areas of its cultivation. Level of profitability, is influenced by cost and
revenue from sales, and the latter in turn depends on crop yields and prices of
products sold.
Assuming the accepted among Russian economists - agrarian notions of
growth efficiency with increasing scale of enterprise, we can expect increase
of profitability. Profitability of production is considered as an effective
index. As a rule, this dependence is illustrated by the grouping of
agricultural enterprises on farmland and a number of employees, which
demonstrates the systematic (from group to group) increase in profitability. The
indicators of the size of the agricultural enterprise can act as values
of key factors of production (land, labor, capital) and the
effective indexes (volumes of output, revenue, gross profit, profit). In
agriculture, the most commonly used two indicators are: area of
farmland and number of employees.
Grain is produced once a year, but it can be stored under certain
conditions, a longer time than milk. Therefore, grain producers may hold back
production to more favorable terms. Grain is produced in almost all
agricultural enterprises of the republic. Processing plants can operate
effectively only when the capacity utilization, which is the reduction of production,
declines. More stable supply of products can achieve higher purchasing prices
for grain in the winter months and lower them in summer. Increase in revenues
of raw materials to processing plants traditionally causes falling grain prices
and products from it. Conversely, the reduction proceeds of grain processing
enterprises prices rise. Consequently, manufacturers and processors of grain
can work more efficiently only if their mutual interests meet.
The main reasons for the decline of grain production and reduction of
its profitability are: inflation and increasing disparity of prices in the
commodity exchange between agriculture and other sectors of the economy;
difficulties in the implementation of products, lack of guaranteed markets for
grain: destroyed centralized procurement of agricultural products, not creating
market structures; monopoly of the third area of agribusiness - the
privatization of processing enterprises, blanks, storage, logistics - logistics
and service were held on the second version, in which a controlling interest
remained with the workforce as a result of agricultural producers can not
influence the passage of goods through the chain from producer to the consumer.
References
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Т.Н., Исламгулов Д.Р., Исламгулова
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С. 3-11.
2. Salimova G.A.
Comprehensive
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