Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Karazhan K.S.

PhD student Kumganbayev Zh.Zh.

Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan

The role of the Alash party in the political and social life of Kazakhstan

The role and place of the party Alash in the political and social life of Kazakhstan is a relevant topic for research of the country's history. Slogans and criteria that were stated at the time by the leaders of the party "Alash", have not lost their relevance and significance to this days (1).

The study of this problem was banned for many years. After obtaining the independence of our state, we began to introduce the works of activists from Alash with the people, to open the veil of secrecy of their works by such historians as K.N. Nurpeisov, D.A. Amanzholova, M.K. Koygeldiev, T. Omarbekov, V.K. Grigoriev and others. Alash party - the first national democratic party of Kazakhs. The formation of the Alash party was initiated by: firstly, the collapse of the colonial system of governance of tsarist-imperial Russia in Kazakhstan, and secondly, as a consequence of the political and social development of the Kazakh people, it led to the formation of new ideas. Kazakh elite according to public demand began to form a political party in the early twentieth century, to be more precise, on 6th of August, 1905 according to the imperial manifest on establishing the Duma, there was taken the initiative to establish the party after the first Russian revolution. In 1905, in the city of Uralsk, there was a congress of representatives of Kazakh people from 5 areas, in which it was decided to establish a party to protect the rights of the Kazakh people; this game was as one of the parts of the Russian Constitutional Democratic Party. At the beginning of 1906, in Semey, there was the second Kazakh Congress, at this congress, there was adopted similar program that matched the program of the Russian Constitutional Democratic Party. However, due to the fact that the political situation in Russia developed not in the best way, this program was did not give any results.

In the early twentieth century, when the Kazakh elite has just started the political struggle, its development path was similar to the development of the Russian Cadets party. However, in spite of that the main provisions of the Kazakh elite differed from the Cadet Party. Kazakh elite in their beliefs and programs pursued the goal of creating their laws, also considered a ban on the import of migrants from the inside Russia, giving freedom to Kazakh workers and laborers, and creation of laws that would protect their rights, while at the same time, it would help to open of schools, universities, medrese for Kazakh children.

Prerequisites for the creation of a political party in Kazakhstan were only in 1917, after the February Revolution in Russia. As a result of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution, the political situation in Russia has changed. After the overthrow of the Tsar in Russia, the question of the political system was not resolved until the end, which led to the creation of an temporary Provisional Government. The Provisional Government in the fields and in Kazakhstan, has established its own organs. Now, for the spots of royal governors the commissars of the Provisional Government have come. Individuals from Kazakh liberal-democratic elite were appointed as commissioners, A. Bukeikhanov in Turgay region, M. Tynyshbaev in Semirechensk field, A. Birimzharov in Kostanai area, G. Kenesarina in Aulieatinskiy area. Kazakh elite met the February revolution with joy and had hopes for it. At this time, in the city of Minsk as one of the representatives of small nations A. Bukeikhanov passed his message: "Kazakhs - the citizens of the new Russia", and such cities as Karkar, Uralsk, Petropavlovsk, etc., in this letter were described with the assessed situation of the people, in order to unite them under the new government, also in the first place the agrarian situation was also discussed, and it was intended to restore the breeding and seeding. On March 9th, an article in the newspaper "Kazakh" was published, where it was said: "happiest time has come for the Kazakh people, happiness has come not only for the Russian people, but for all the people who consider their homeland Russia" - this article was written to support the Provisional Government, and a letter was sent to the Duma and the Council of Ministers (2).

A political strategy of Bukeikhanov was executed in a short time and by 14th of March in cities and railway stations along with Russian, Soviet workers and soldiers as a third provincial governments there were instituted Kazakh and area committees. In the same year, in the spring in the cities of Akmola, Uralsk, Orenburg, Semey, Verniy, etc., headed by the National Liberal leaders the Congresses of the Kazakh committees were held, and as the consequence it has grown into the idea of Kazakh autonomy within the Russian democratic republic. Some representatives of the Kazakh committees were included in the local authority of the Provisional Government. The Provisional Government was trying to establish in the Kazakh steppes authority of the newly formed committees, but due to the fact that the Provisional Government has not justified the hopes of the people's revolution, and in fact has not changed the imperial policies and have led to demonstrations of soldiers, marines and workers in the Russian capital on July 4-5. The Provisional Government has suppressed the demonstrators using force, which led to the end of the era multi-governments. The people chose the only government - Provisional Government.

Due to the fact that the situation was changing, the Kazakh elite has decided to hold All-Kazakhs Congress, on 21-26 July 1917 in the city of Orenburg, where All-Kazakhs Congress has brought together representatives from all the regions. At that Congress 14 issues were considered and also questions about national autonomy on land issues, the preparations for the Assembly and the establishment of the Kazakh party were raised.

One month before the start of the Congress, in the newspaper "Kazakh", there were given different opinions and points of view on the creation of Autonomy. During this discussion, there were two main views. If Baitursynov A. and M. Dulatov wanted to create an independent autonomy, than A. Bukeikhanov has proposed a Kazakh national-territorial autonomy within the "democratic, federal and parliament Russia". The second opinion has been approved by the delegates of the congress (3). The main issue that was discussed at the congress was the problem of the land. The congress approved: to ban the invasions of the Kazakh people land, to return previously occupied lands, as well as to terminate immigration of people from other areas. The congress also addressed concerns about the readiness of the meeting, the list of candidates for deputies was formed of 81 people from all regions. The composition of candidates also includes representatives of the Kazakh people from Bukhara, Khiva and Fergana. As a part of the candidates, there were Mr. Potanin - Russian scientist and a politician V. Chaikin.

The decision of the Congress was influenced mainly by those who had been in the newspaper "Kazakh". The congress was founded by Kazakh National Party. In recent days, the new chairman of the Congress Party, A. Bukeikhanov has announced the release of the Russian Constitutional Democratic Party. The reason for this act, he explained in his letter titled "Why I walked out of the Cadet party?", where he wrote: "If the Cadet Party gave people the land as property, then later the land will be sold, because of the lack of funds to the peasants, which will eventually lead total loss. The Cadet Party was against national autonomy. We were for something that would state the slogan Alash and create a single national autonomy. This is all can be seen from the French, Russian and other histories, where the priest had been separated from the government. According to Russians, it is called "separation of church and state". So, I tried to open the party Alash (4). Creation of Alash party fall coincided with the meeting of the All-Russian parliamentary elections. The newspaper "Kazakh" in its main article gave the name of the party Alash. Regional offices of the party started their established in October. In the first place, they were opened in Semey, Omsk, Turgai and by 10th of November, they were already opened in Orenburg. One week before the planned in Orenburg second Kazakh Congress, there was held an October Revolution in Petrograd and the power went to the Russia's Soviet Bolsheviks. The revolution that took place in the capital of Russia had no effect on the assembly of the elite in the session. Many of the Kazakh elite recognized the October Revolution as an illegal act and were against it. Kazakh leaders of the liberal-democratic movement such as A. Bukeikhanov, A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov, Gumarov E., E. Turmuhametov, G. Zhundibaev, G. Birimzhanov, before the revolution had already prepared a program for economic and social development of Kazakhstan. On November 21st, in the newspaper "Kazakh", there was published a resolution of 10 articles: statehood, local freedom, a fundamental right, the works on religion and the power of the court, the protection of the people, taxes, working, learning sciences, land question (5). In the context of this program, it was agreed that the Russian democratic federal republic and its principal organs, namely the Council and the Assembly of the State Duma shall be equal before each-other. It was also said that the Kazakh regions will be in contact with each other directly, and will be considered as a part of the Russian Federative Republic, but where the power will be given to Alash. The resolution also provides equality of people at the opening of the meetings, communities, and there was considered a complete freedom of newspaper publications. Also, there was given the freedom of religion, where religion was separated from the state. It was forbidden to adjudicate the clergy, but rather disputes resolved in the courts and in the Kazakh language. They spoke about teaching in the mother tongue in primary schools, opening of secondary schools and universities, organizing of libraries. It was proposed to create a land law. The structure of the proposed program was discussed at the Kazakh provincial congresses and it has been reflected in the All-Kazakhs Congress. At this congress, there has been raised the issue of autonomy of the Kazakh people, which included Bukeyskaya horde, Uralsk, Turgay, Akmola, Semey, Semirechie, Syrdarya and Fergana region, Kyrgyz-Kazakh Samarkand county, outside Kaspiskaya area, and it also stated the inclusion of the Altai part of the province, where Kazakh people lived. The name of the Kazakh Autonomy was Alash, also all natural resources including underground and water in areas were the property of the state Alash. In order to prevent the collapse and degradation of areas, there was created Provisional National Council "Alashorda" consisting of 25 members, with 10 seats, which were given to people of other nationalities who lived among the Kazakh people. Temporary space of "Alashordy" was a city Semey. Majority of the delegates decided to demand an autonomy. There were elected members of the council alashordy and a chairman A. Bukeikhanov was elected.

To sum up, I would like to note that, the party Alash in 1917 during the hard times, when they had to solve a number of problems, encountered in the Kazakh society on a national scale and has played a major role in the second Kazakh Congress, where it was declared a national state of Alash autonomy. According to the results of the works, the authority of the party Alash greatly increased among the population, and in November 1917 at the National Assembly elections of deputies, the Kazakh intelligentsia recorded and performed on behalf of the party Alash, but the difficult situation was formed in early 1918, which did not allow the party Alash to turn into a powerful political force.

List of references:

1. N. Nazarabaev. On the waves of history. - Almaty, 1999. p. 172-73

2. "Kazakh", 1917, March 9.

3. The history of Kazakhstan. Essays. - Almaty, 1994. - 305 pages

4. "Kazakh", 1917, № 256.

5. "Kazakh", 1917 November 21.