Associate professor, Abduova B.S.

L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan

Associate professor, Konuratbayeva Zh.M.

L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan

Some aspects of SCIENTIFIC POTENTIAL OF KAZAKHSTAN AS A DEVELOPING COUNTRY

Funding of science. An important indicator reflecting the level of scientific and technological potential and the dynamics of its development, is the funding of science. Financially stable scientific organizations are a necessary condition for conducting scientific research. In Kazakhstan for1995-2009 years science funding increased in real terms by 31.4%.

According to the estimates of international experts for the sustainable development of the country requires that the science funding allocated rom 2 to4% of GDP. The threshold value of spending on research and development in relation to GDP as an indicator of economic security is considered to be 2% [1].

Recommended by the International Academic Council spending on science in developing countries is 1-1.5% of GDP.

In 2009, domestic expenditure on research and development amounted to 38 988 700 000 tenge, which is 3.5 times more than in 2000. As a result, the share of R & D expenditure to GDP - a key indicator of scientific and technological potential of the country - in 2009 was 0.24% compared to 0.18% in 2000. In comparison, the share of expenditure on research and development in Sweden GDP is 3.8%, Japan - 3.04, USA - 2.64 Germany - 2.44 [2], Russia - 1.2, Ukraine - 0.9 , Belarus - 0.6% [3]. In other words, Kazakhstan is behind developed countries in this indicator for more than 10 times.

One important source of research funding in almost all developed countries is the budget. In Kazakhstan, the total domestic expenditure on research and development in the 2009 budget amounted to 55,2%. It is obvious that the state should seek to redress the imbalance from the budget. First of all, it is advisable to limit the budgetary financing of commercial research projects, ending with the development, users of which are industrial organizations [4]. No less important indicator of the scientific and technological potential of the country, are the costs of R & D per capita in 2000-2009 it grew by 3.2 times.

In U.S. dollar terms the cost of R & D per capita in Kazakhstan is about $ 16.5 a year. For comparison, in Russia, R & D expenditure per capita is about $ 70, the U.S. - $ 892, Sweden - $ 875, Finland - $ 726 per year [3]. As can be seen, Kazakhstan is behind on this indicator from the developed countries more than 50 times.

An important indicator reflecting the level and dynamics of scientific and technological potential of the country is the internal costs of research and development, which are defined as the difference between the gross expenditure on research and development and the amount of external costs of research and development. This figure includes the cost of performing in-house R & D organizations, including both current and capital expenditures.

Gross domestic expenditure on research and development of the business sector in Japan is 74.5%, Germany - 67.1% United States - 63.7% [5]. Abroad, the bulk of spending on research and development is provided by the companies. For the period 2000-2009, the total budget for financing research and development for all types of organizations in Kazakhstan amounted to 96 408.3 million KZT.

Material and technical base of science. Effectiveness research, competitiveness and development scientists’ creations depend on the availability and condition of the material and technical base. Material base of science include scientific and technological foundations, research and experimental facilities and their complexes, national parks and other sites of national importance. The average annual value of the active part of the scientific and technical sphere of the republic in 2000-2009 grew much more rapidly than the cost of fixed assets as a result of the share in 2009 was56.3%against 21.6%in 2000.Due to the low spending on science over the past decade the capital-scientific and technical organizations for 2000-2009increased slightly. To the scientific potential of the country to work more efficiently, great improvements of the material and technical base, equipping it with modern scientific equipment and instruments is necessary

Working resource of science. An important issue of scientific and technical areas of the country its human resources, which is an important indicator of the level of development of science.

The number of workers employed in research and development in Kazakhstan in 2009 amounted to15.8 thousand people, 10.1million (63.9%)of which are specialists, researchers, 2.4 million (15.0% ) -support staff, 1.2 million (7.3%) -technology, 2.2 million (13.8%) - other workers. During the period of independence, the country structure and composition of personnel science has undergone significant changes. Number of personnel engaged in research and development for the period1991-2009decreasedby 2.6times (from40.9 thousand to 15.8thousand people),the largest decrease(from 9.9to 2.4thousandthousands) underwent support staff-by 4.1 times, research specialists- in2.7 times (from 27.6 thousand to10.1 thousand people). [4].

Analysis of population dynamics in science sphere shows that the beginning of the 1990s was characterized by a significant reduction in staffing of science, since 2000, there has been a tendency to increase. Overall, from 2000 to 2009, the growth of scientific personnel amounted to 1.04 thousand people, or 7%. Number of researchers in 2009 compared to 2000 increased by 12.1%, and technicians - 1.7%, support staff - decreased by 9.1%. Outpacing growth in the number of researchers in comparison to the number of support staff, indicates an improvement in the structure of employment in research and development.

Due to the rapid transition of Kazakhstan to innovations it is obvious that the proportion of scientific and technical personnel in relation to the economically active population should increase. Currently, the number of employees in the scientific field of the country has a tendency to decrease. Thus, in 2009, the number of employees engaged in research and development with respect to the economically active population of Kazakhstan was 0.19% against 0.21% in 2000. Number of employees engaged in research and development, in Kazakhstan, 1 million in 2009 was 988, which is significantly less than in Russia (3319 to 1 million in 2007), Finland (7832), Iceland (6807) Sweden (5416), Japan (5287), U.S. (4605), Norway (4587), Australia (3759), Canada (3597), France (3213). [12]

In Kazakhstan high school is a training ground for all industries, including scientific and technical sphere. At the beginning of 2009/10 school year, there were 148 institutions of higher education with a total of 610.3 thousand students, 4.8% of which are higher special education, 95.2% - higher basic education (bachelor's degree). Through educational grants are educated 131.9 thousand people, or 21.6%, due to the state educational order - 9.9 million people (1.6%) students for a fee - 468.4 thousand people (76.8%) [6].

Training of highly qualified scientific personnel in Kazakhstan in 2009 was conducted in 115 organizations that provide training undergraduates, 102 organizations that train graduate students, and 42 organizations that train doctoral students. The total number of graduate students was 14 216. The total number of graduate students in 2009 was 228. In 2009 produced 715 of highly qualified scientific personnel, and only 110 of them have defended thesis. The largest number of graduate students in 2009 enrolled in the group "medical science", which accounts for 16.7%. Followed by the total number of post-graduate legal (13.6%), teaching (12.7%), economic (11.0%), engineering (9.2%), agricultural and historical (by 6.1%), biological - (4.8%) of science. For all other sciences there are 19.8% of graduate students. At the end of 2009, there were 666 doctoral PhD students, 343 of which received during the academic year. In 2009, 211 doctoral issued, 125 people of which have defended thesis. The most represented by the number of students in doctoral degree such as social sciences, economics and business - (27.5%), engineering and technology - (14.3%), law (8.4%) [7].

Great importance for the performance of human resources of scientific and technical sphere has a distribution number of specialists in the Science Sector. The number of scientists in the academic sector in 2009 compared to 2000 decreased by almost 61 times and 6 times increase in industrial science. The existing structure of the number of specialists in the science sector is primarily due to the Presidential Decree (March 2003), under which the National Academy of Sciences has acquired the status of the republican public association with the transfer of academic institutions under its supervision, the line ministries. [8] As a result, in 2009, more than 58.8% of all scientists are concentrated in industrial science. The institutes of academic areas and universities, where research is primarily focused on fundamental studies are currently working 4.6 thousand, or 29.1% of the body of scientists and specialists in the country. Changes in the number of researchers by type of institutions of science in 2000-2009 was uneven. Most of the employees engaged in research and development in 2009 are still concentrated in research organizations and higher education - 78.7% (2000 - 94%). The share of employees engaged in research and development, scientific research institutes has decreased from 64.4% in 2000 to 50.2% in 2009, the share of workers in higher education decreased from 29% in 2000 to 28.5% in 2009. At the same time there was a noticeable increase in the number of scientific workers in other organizations - their share increased from 0.3% in 2000 to 10.2% in 2009, i.e an outflow of scientists from research organizations in other companies scientific and technical areas.

During this period (2000-2009)the positive trend was the rapid growth of the number of doctors compared with PhDs in the total number of highly qualified specialists. Thus, while in2009 the number of doctors has increased by 41.4% compared to 2000, the number of candidates decreased by1.5%.
In the structure of employees engaged in research and developmentin2009 compared to 2000 saw an increase in the proportion of persons aged under 45 years, ensuring the continuity of scientific generations.

Considering the overall change in the structure of the scientific staff of the country by age, it should be noted that the trend of aging personnel science still remains: for the period2000-2009, the number of researchers over 65 years has decreased from1141to 967people, or15,2%.

Scientific and technical work. During the analyzed period there were significant changes in the distribution of the total amount of scientific and technical work (STR TP). Thus, in 2000 91.2% of the STR TP performed at the Research Institute and universities, and in 2009, their share in total STR TP was 71.0% due to the decline in R & D work carried out by 20.1 Research % and 0.1% for high schools. The share of the STR TR performed and design and design and technological organizations, increased from 3.0% in 2000 to 13.0% in 2009.

In the structure of research in Kazakhstan in 2009, basic research is 11.8%, applications - 64.3%, research and development - 23.9%. Compared with 2000 (15: 55: 30) structural proportions in scientific research have not changed significantly for the better. In economically developed countries, the ratio of basic, applied research and scientific and technical developments of 15: 25: 60 [16]. The existing structure of research in Kazakhstan due to the practice of research funding. As a result, the vast majority of scientific research is "made up on the shelf" [9] and are not adjusted to give a complete scientific and technical products, ready for introduction into production. This situation is primarily due to the deterioration of the situation in the field of industrial science - an important link scientific and technical capacity, as well as in the design and design and technology organizations in the country.

Analysis of the scientific and technical work performed by ownership, shows that in 2009, 52.8% of the work was carried out in the institutions of private property, 47.1% - state property. The impact of scientific and technological activities. One of the most important indicators of the effectiveness of research and development is the patenting activity. The total number of issued protection for an invention in 2009 was 1687 (including national applicants - 92.6%, foreign applicants - 7.4%), which is higher than in 2000 by 4.3%. In 2009, the highest number of applications for the grant of protection for an invention foreign applicants from the U.S., Germany and Russia. The leading place in the number of patent applications in 2009 belonged to Almaty (48.9%), second place - Astana (9.9), third - East Kazakhstan region (8.7%), which is associated with the largest number of research institutions and universities in their territory.

In recent years, Kazakhstan has done extensive work to harmonize national patent laws in line with modern international standards. This contributed to the fact that Kazakhstan is attractive for both domestic applicants innovations, and for applicants from near and far abroad. [10]

However, despite the increased demand for patents, patent deals on the market are still not well developed, primarily because of low motivation of scientists to create inventions, the weak link between production and research organizations.

References:

1. http://un.by/ru/undp/belarus/report/reportrb/pub/2.

2. Vertyachiy A. Blooming "cactus" innovation. 2007. № 168. Sept. 10 / http / innovprom.spb.ru.

3. www.cisstat.com.

4. Matushkov B. S & T and innovation as an instrument of national priorities / / Science and Innovation. Special issue (57). 2007.

5. Pavlenko Yu Science and research potential as a source of knowledge: the organization and management of R & D / / Problems of the theory and practice of management. 2008. Number 11.

6. Higher education institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the beginning of 2007/2008 academic year / Stat. Bull. Almaty: Statistics Agency. 2008.

7. Training of the highest qualification in the Republic of Kazakhstan.2007/Stat.byul. Almaty: Statistics Agency, 2008.

8. On the implementation of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on March 31, 2003 № 1051 "On the reorganization of the State Institution" The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan "/ Collection of Acts of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government. 2003. Number 27.

9. Bekturganov N. Technologies lift / / KazakhstanPravda, June 25. 2009.

10. Annual Report of the National Institute of Intellectual Property of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Almaty, 2008.