Larionov M.V., Larionov N.V.

Balashov Institute (branch) of the Saratov state University

named after N.G. Chernyshevsky, Russia

The main directions of anthropogenic transformation of natural-technical systems of the Lower and Middle Volga region

Natural-technical systems are to some extent transformed ecological system in the result of any specific or comprehensive economic impact on natural objects. Natural-technical systems are very diverse (industrial and agricultural enterprises, objects of energy and energy transportation, various buildings and engineering constructions, hydraulic engineering sites, recreational areas with infrastructure objects (roads, shops, rest homes, beaches, decorative and protective forests)), depending on the level of scientific and technical progress, the forms of nature management characterized by constant interaction of technosphere objects and components of the surrounding nature.

An important aspect in ensuring sustainable and efficient functioning of natural-technical systems, in addition to the primary purposes of their creation (receipt of certain products, services, material profit, productivity of machinery and safety of technical objects and so on), is the preservation and improvement of the ecological significance of the surviving or artificial components of nature: the soil environment and its inhabitants-organisms, atmospheric air, surface and underground water reservoirs, as lawns, parks, flower beds, green plantations of different functional purposes, inhabiting available in urban conditions habitats of animals [1].

Urban areas represent a deep form of transformation of natural landscapes. This is manifested, first of all, geological, physical, and biochemical restructuring of natural ecosystems: violations or replacement of soil horizons and underlying rocks by drilling and digging and road construction and repair equipment, deforestation, clearing steppe areas and meadows under construction sites, roads, different social and infrastructure facilities, drainage of wetlands and destruction of water meadows for development of private farms (observed in the suburbs Saratov CIS-Volga region).

Emissions from industrial and agricultural enterprises, heat power objects and transport make a significant contribution to total anthropogenic pollution (metals, sulfur dioxide, cyclic hydrocarbons, ammonia, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulphide, soot, nitrogen oxides and carbon) of the air basin and soil cover [2, 3].

In small and large cities of the Saratov region acute ecological problem of waste disposal as waste-recycling industry is not operating. Often, the population and legal entities organized "improvised" polygons storage of solid and liquid wastes, spontaneously arise landfills. In the living quarters, the industrial and municipal waste landfills are a powerful source of organic and chemical pollutants in the soil and groundwater, surface water ecosystems (rivers, lakes, swamps, streams), and atmospheric air.

We are talking about heavy metals, hydrocarbons of different chemical composition and physical properties, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and its derivatives, chlorinated organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, atmospheric pollutants. In addition, landfills are favourable environment for the development of many representatives of insect vectors of infectious diseases (Musca domestica and others).

Danger of contamination toxicants and supertoxicants living organisms and they formed communities times during precipitation, spring snowmelt and floods as a result of washout of pollutants rain and melt water on the surrounding areas to anthropogenic sources of emission of pollutants. Aerosol pollution are developing on the territory of the city of plants, animals inhabiting the land-air environment, and people.

Some pollutants (cations of heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons and some other xenobiotics) due to its chemical properties are seamlessly integrated in the biological cycles of substances in ecosystems, polluting and oppressing organisms on successive trophic levels. A big environmental threat to living organisms and the person represented by the processes of chemical transformation and nutrient transfer of specified pollutants in food chains "plants-man" and "plants-animals-man".

The risk of disease is due to a number of pollutants of organic and inorganic origin, is large enough for the population of cities with heavy traffic and developed industry.

The problem of environmental security in different functional zones of the cities currently relevant, requires a detailed review and analysis, especially in the territory of Saratov and neighboring areas, since they are characterized by powerful economic and infrastructural potential, but at the same time, in the vast majority of the operation of obsolete or worn own resource production equipment, machines and vehicles that do not meet modern environmental requirements.

Functioning at present structural components of the system of nature management and environmental protection require detailed analysis, improvement of methodology and in General improve the efficiency of their work.

Need a radical revision of existing sanitary norms of anthropogenic impacts on the atmospheric air, soil settlements, natural and drinking water.

Literature:

1. Bondarik, G. K. Ecological-geological problem and natural-technical systems / G. K. Bondarik. – M.: Ikar, 2004. – 240 p.

2. On the state of the environment of the Saratov region in 2011. – Saratov, 2012 – 245 p.

3. On the state of the environment of the Volgograd region in 2010. – Volgograd, 2011. – 352 p.