Larionov M.V.
Balashov
Institute (branch) of the Saratov state University
named after
N.G. Chernyshevsky, Russia
The role of
biological monitoring in the structure of regional and local ecological
monitoring of natural and anthropogenic landscapes
The problem
of increasing objectiveness of the evaluation of the ecological state of the
environment in terms of natural and anthropogenic landscapes is relevant at the
scientific-theoretical (for the development of modern environment, Geochemistry
and biology) and practical (concentration of efforts in the field of
environmental protection, conservation of biological diversity and
rationalization of nature management within the most problematic areas from
positions of ecological trouble) levels of its solution.
Potential for biomarker research are available from
the point of view of material costs and a highly informative within both
natural and natural-anthropogenic landscapes, as a response to the reactions of
living systems can with a high degree of objectivity to evaluate the power of
anthropogenic impacts.
The main
method of biomonitoring is bioindication showing certain deviations from the
normal state in living systems at different levels (molecular, cellular, organ,
organism, nederlandene) as a result of anthropogenic impacts. When planning and
developing the programme of monitoring studies of natural and anthropogenic
landscapes it is necessary to have the most complete picture of biological and
ecological characteristics of the organisms used as bioindicators, when they
are living in natural conditions. At the same time it is important to have
knowledge about adaptation mechanisms of these organisms and the forms of
reaction in conditions of aggressive anthropogenic factors [1].
For
effective use of a particular tree species in landscaping in the city need to
know the biology of the species, as well as to have information on the
environmental and physiological state of each species, about its adaptive
capabilities in extreme conditions of the city.
A common
practice in biological monitoring environmental studies in a particular area is
the use as indicators of living organisms (eg, lichen, moss, herbaceous and
woody plants, invertebrate animals living in the study area), anatomically,
physiologically and/or morphologically reacting to a certain change of the
environmental parameters of the environment (atmospheric air, soil, water). For
example, using plant-bioindicators can accurately judge the type of contaminant
and the appropriate degree of air pollution, to establish the most polluted
places in the settlements, in the district of existing industrial and
agricultural facilities, construction sites,
transport routes and other natural and anthropogenic landscapes [2].
In the
process of implementation of the programme of bioindication are recorded and
analyzed response manifestations organisms-bioindicators. To improve its
objectivity is advisable to use the organisms of different systematic groups
living in this study area. In this approach, the results of biological
monitoring are more informative in comparison with the instrumental methods of
ecological monitoring of natural environment. In this case we are talking about biological
monitoring as an independent form of analysis and forecasting of the state of
the environment and ecosystems.
At the same
time, biological monitoring can be performed in the framework of the integrated
monitoring programme to account for changes in the chemical, physical and
biological parameters of the environment, their detailed analysis and
forecasting in the future and thus to enter into the state system of regional
and local environmental monitoring.
Literature:
1. Vinogradov,
B. C. Bioindication in the framework of Geoecology // Bioindication in cities
and suburban areas. – M.: Nauka, 1993. – P. 5–11.
2. Minnig,
U. D. Biomonitoring of atmospheric pollution with the help of plants / U. D.
Minnig, U. A. Feder. – L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985. – 156 p.