To understanding the term "language game"
G. Akyshbaeva
Undergraduate of II
course
Kazakh National
University by Al-Farabi
Almaty, Kazakhstan
Game type of activity, as opposed to the world of
reality. It exists on the border of objective reality and conditional created
by the human mind of the virtual world. Released in the gameplay from the
conventional stereotypes and limiting the circumstances of reality, playing is
able to find appropriate ways to address emerging problems in reality.
Awareness of the conventions of the game releases the player from the
responsibility for the achievement / failure to achieve the goal. On the other
hand, the natural selfishness entered into combat forces to do everything
possible to win. Thus, the play activity is the most effective way of solving
the problems of the real world. In light of the above, it becomes obvious why
the problems gaming activities devoted to such a large number of scientific
papers (see. J. Heizing, N.S. Valgin, T.A. Gridina, L.P. Krysin, S.V. Lyapunov,
V.Z. Sannikov, V.I. Shahovsky and etc.). Provide a brief overview of
understanding the concept of "language game" in science.
Perception of life and reality as the game was
anciently inherent in human consciousness. Already in the 'Rig Veda' creation
of the world was interpreted as a game of god Brahma - the act of creation
associated with the game. Language (speech) can also be interpreted as a game:
"The Spirit of forming language whenever jumps playfully with the level of
material on the level of thought. Every expression of abstract concepts hidden
image, metaphor, and every metaphor is hidden the word. Thus, humanity yet
again makes his expression of being close to the natural world his second,
fabrications world" [1, 17].
The basis of the philosophical concept of
"language game" put an analogy between the behavior of people in the
games themselves and in different systems of real action, in which the language
is woven. Already Saussure the founder of structural linguistics language
compared to a game of chess. The next milestone was the concept of the game the
Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, which is the whole language as a whole set of "language
games". In the "Philosophical Investigations" he thought,
"How many types of proposals exist? For instance, the statement issue the
command? There are countless types of infinitely varied types of use of all
that we call the "signs", "words", "The
Proposal". And this multiplicity is not something sustainable, on the
contrary, there are new types of languages, or one might say, a new
"language games" old obsolete and forgotten [2, 23].
According to Wittgenstein, "language games"
a form of life itself; not only the language, but the reality that we perceive
only through the prism of the language. The man gets up in the morning to
wake-up call, boils water, eating certain foods from certain dishes, writes
himself a job for a day, listening to the radio or watching television, reading
the newspaper, stroking the dog and talking to her, cursing the government,
going by bus, late for work. All this the "language games". All human
life a set of "language games". The variety of "language games" is represented by the
following examples: "to give orders or execute them; to describe the
appearance of the object or its size; make the object by its description
(drawing); inform about the event; to reflect on the event; propose and test a
hypothesis; present the results of some experiments in tables and diagrams;
write the story and read it; play in the theater; round dance songs to sing;
solve riddles; witty; telling funny stories; to solve arithmetic problems;
translate from one language to another; ask, thank, curse, welcome to pray
"[2, 25].
The term "language
game" in modern philology was ambiguous: the first - a broad,
philosophical (after Wittgenstein), the second - a narrow, strictly linguistic.
Language game, in Wittgenstein's understanding that's not what people do when
they want to have fun. Philosopher first noticed it would seem quite trivial
thing that people communicate not only declarative sentences, but give orders
and execute them, describe objects, and test hypotheses put forward to play in
the theater, singing round dance songs, island, solve math problems, ask, thank
, cursing, etc. Thus, L. Wittgenstein considered the game
as one of the natural and imprescriptible activities of human consciousness.
Under the language game, he understood the use of specific linguistic units,
informed the speaker in functional terms, i.e. correlated with the sphere of
communication. Thus, the language game associated with the activity of the
linguistic identity and the ability to make creative use of language skills.
In the linguistic aspect of "language game"
becomes an object of study in the twentieth century. The phenomenon of language
game in recent decades intensively studied both in foreign and in Russian, in
Kazakh linguistics. This is due to several reasons: the rapid development of
pragmalinguistic research, especially applied areas (such as neuro-linguistic
programming), focuses on aspects of language exposure in the field of mass
communication, advertising business, in psychotherapeutic practice, etc., the
convergence of linguistic research with semiotic and literary sophistication,
the appearance of the postmodern literature on the cultural scene (in which the
language game stands as perhaps the most important artistic device) as one of
the leading aesthetic direction [3].
Interest in the language game is also associated with
contemporary language situation, which is characterized by a high level of
dekanonization forms of verbal behavior. "Game of Transformation"
exhibit unexpected possibilities of interpretation of linguistic signs,
revealing their associative potential. "The latter is formed by the
totality of associative reactions which may occur in the minds of speakers in
use, perception and verbal generating units, that is, reflects the entire
spectrum of functional and dynamic representations of the mark, coupled with
the assignment of linguistic meanings and forms of specific native speakers
(taking into account gender, age, ethnic, social, cultural, cognitive, etc. factors
influencing the associative thesaurus linguistic personality)" [4, 83].
The fundamental principle of the language game, as the
T.A. Gridina, is "actualization psychologically relevant for native
speakers of multivalent association to iconic pieces and deliberate use of
non-standard code of their use, perception and generation (with" Discovery
"and simultaneous switching, breaking stereotypes associative with special
linguistic techniques)" [4, 46 ]. In this sense, followed by S.N. Bredikhin,
language game can be defined as a special form of linguacreative thinking,
which is based on associative mechanisms to create something new on the basis
of the known already [3].
Language game in modern communication practices is
primarily manifested in the fact that it is becoming more and more freedom,
"legalized" in the public mind. According to Russian researchers
striking evidence of this is the increased popularity of extremely small genres
of language game that receive semi-official "terminology" notation:
antiproverbs (V.M. Mokienko), aphonarisms (comply with category "Literary
newspapers"), jokes ("Russian Radio ") [4, 85]. This list can be
continued and expanded interesting examples of Kazakh press:
"Vremya", "Caravan" are full of headlines, aphorisms, built
on the basis of the language game.
With system-linguistic point of view of language game
is seen as an anomaly -"programmed language game deviation from the
stereotype perception, education and the use of language units" [5, 9].
Arsenal language means creating a language game is extremely broad it harping
on polysemy of words, the use of puns, homonyms, paronymy, paronomasia,
Phraseologisms, winged words and expressions, as well as their deliberate
destruction, including occasional tumors, adjectives, metaphors, comparisons,
the use of an oxymoron, rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations,
synonyms, antonyms, alliteration, graduations, metathesis, metonymy,
synecdoche.
Thus, we can conclude that the language game "is
based on a knowledge of the language system of units, standards and methods of
their use creative interpretation of these units" [6, 150].
References:
1. Heizinga J. Homo Ludens: Articles on the history of culture. M.:
Progress, 1997. 416 p.
2. Wittgenstein L. Philosophical Investigations // Philosophical works:
At 2 pm. M., 1997. Part 1. Π. 83.
3. Bredikhin S.N. "Language Game" as a linguistic phenomenon:
on the material of philosophical texts Heidegger. Scientific Library of
dissertations and // Internet resource. Mode of access: disserCat
http://www.dissercat.com/content/yazykovaya-igra-kak-lingvisticheskii-fenomen-na-materiale-filosofskikh-tekstov-m-khaideggera#ixzz3JFr50wUb
4. Gridina T.A. Language game: stereotype and creativity.
Ekaterinburg: Publishing House of the Urals. state. ped. University Press,
1996. 240 p.
5. Kurganov E.B. Gaming aspect in modern advertising text. Textbook.
Voronezh: Voronezh. un Press, 2004. 124 p.
6. Sannikov V.Z. linguistic experiment and language game // Vestnik
Moskow. Univ. Ser. 9 (Philology). 1994. Ή6.