Ecology/6. Environmental monitoring

c.b.s. Bekturova A.Zh.

L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan

Methods of intensification metabolic activity hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms

To date have an intensive development of large cities leads to increased pollution of wastewater. The most popular methods of sewage treatment uses a biological method, which is based on microorganisms capable of using hydrocarbons of oil as the sole source of carbon and energy. The advantages of this method of cleaning - the ability to remove waste water from a variety of compounds, including toxic, simple design of equipment, low operating cost. But this technology is not always able to cope with significant contamination. Therefore, an increasing number of papers devoted to finding ways to intensify the processes of biological treatment of chemical or physical factors.

In recent years, are always discussed issues related to the effects of radiation in small doses.

Ionizing radiation affects any biological object, including the chemical reactions of metabolism. At high doses there is a general inhibition of growth and development up to the lethal effect. Under the influence of small doses there is a "radiostimulation" - accelerate growth and development. If ionizing radiation is moderately above background, the living creatures evolve rapidly and their vitality is increased, increases life span by 10-12%. It was shown that low doses of ionizing radiation inhibit the growth of the number of cytogenetic disorders associated with aging, to a level below the spontaneous, that is, transform the body into a new stable state, characterized by increased stability of the genome. This phenomenon opens a new direction in biology - the study of the stabilization effect of the genome and the possibility of its further use in medicine [1].

The phenomenon of hormesis is universal for wildlife and can be observed both in cell cultures and in natural populations. In the formation of hormesis effects involve the same mechanisms as in the adaptive response: the repair of DNA damage, the system of proteins in the cellular response to adverse effects [2, 3].

In the study of samples collected in the exclusion zone of Chernobyl NPP under the action of two artificial sources: у-low-energy (^i2lSn) and mixed with the radiation y + P (^L,7Cs), in seven species of fungal, identified two new, previously not out unknowns in fungi, radioadaptive properties - radiotropizm and radiostimulation. In strains that have shown property radiotropizma observed the germination of conidia radiostimulyatsiyu and increase the length of the sprout hyphae under the influence, at least one of the two radiation sources. At the microscopic fungi that have such properties, found an adaptive response to high doses of ionizing radiation (100-1000 Gray), which provides a high level of radiation resistance [4].

Morozov and coworkers [5] found that the life expectancy of some fraction of the cell population of the mutant strain E.coli Bs-1 in contrast to wild-type E.coli cells markedly increases after exposure to ionizing radiation a dose equal to 7,6 × 102 mcGr/h. Analysis of the results on the effect of chronic exposure to γ - radiation ⁶⁰Co different dose on the dynamics of aging and cell death E.coli Bs-1 shows the radiative deceleration of aging and cell death E.coli Bs-1, ie, an increase in life expectancy some fraction of the cell population under conditions of low-level exposure to ionizing radiation, which increases with increasing radiation dose, reaching its peak in the power range of doses of 7,6 - 7,6×102 mcGr/h. Thus, the findings of an inverse relationship of aging and death of aqueous suspensions of the bacteria E.coli Bs-1 from the dose of low-level γ - radiation ⁶⁰Co irradiation in mnogosutochnogo gormezisnoy indicate their nature [5, 6].

Similar results were obtained with chronic low-intensity exposure to ionizing radiation through the wild-type Canton - S Drosophila melanogaster, as well as for diploid yeast Saccharamyces cerevisiae. Shown that chronic exposure to low doses leads to a significant increase in life expectancy [7, 8].

It was shown, that resistance to γ-radiation-cells extremely thermophilic anaerobic archaebacteria. Archaea survived by γ-irradiation doses up to 5 kGr and died after exposure 8.9 kGr. Comparison of survival curves showed that moderate doses of radiation in archaea cells 12-25 times more resistant than the cells of E. coli. However, in the 2-2.5 times more sensitive than the cells of Deinococcus radiodurans [9].

Petroleum and petroleum products are among the most dangerous pollutants - the breadth of distribution, toxicity and quantity of sources of pollution. Therefore become important issues on the treatment of petroleum hydrocarbons.

Since the rate of accumulation of oil, as a result of man-made pollution is far outstrips the rate of their biodegradation by natural means, it is necessary to develop methods of accelerating the cleanup and restoration of damaged ecosystems.

Thus, ionizing radiation can be used as an intensification of the metabolic activity of oil destructors.

References:

1. Balakin V.E., Zaichkina S.I., and etc. The effect of age of stabilization of the genome under the action of small doses of ionizing radiation // Prevention of aging. - V. 4. -2001. - P. 12-15.

2. Parsons P.A. Radiation hormesis: challenging LNT theory via ecological and evolutionary considerations // Health Physics. - 2002. - V.82. - №4. - P.513-516

3. Moskalev A.A. Genetic studies of the effect of ionizing radiation in small doses on life expectancy // Radiation Biology. Radioecology. - 2008. - V. 48. - № 2. - P.139-145

4. Tugay T.I., Zhdanova N.N., Zheltonozhsky V.A., Gardeners L.V. Manifestation radioadaptive properties of microscopic fungi, long stationed in areas with high background radiation after the Chernobyl accident // Radiation Biology. Radioecology. - 2007. , V.47. - № 5 - P. 543-549.

5. Morozov I.I., Morozova G.V., Petin V.G. Effect of chronic low-level dose rate γ - radiation ⁶⁰Co and medium tonicity on the dynamics of aging and death of the bacteria E. coli _BS-1 // Radiation Biology. Radioecology. - 2003. - V. 43. - № 4. - p.400 - 403.

6. Morozov I.I., Petin V.G. Effect of low-level ionizing radiation on the viability of the bacteria E. coli, kulteviruemyh in saline buffer// Radiation Biology. Radioecology. -2007. - V.47. - № 2. - p.235-240 Влияние низкоинтенсивного ионизирующего излучения на жизнеспособность бактерий E.сoli, культевируемых в солевом буфере

7 Zainullin V.G., Moskalev A.A., Shaposhnikov M.V., Yushkova E.A., Taskaev A.I. Genetic aspects of exposure to small doses of laboratory lines and experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster // Radiation Biology. Radioecology. - 2006. - V.46 - № 5. - p.547 - 554.

8. Petin V.G., Morozov I.I., Kabakov N.M., Gorshkova T.A. Some effects of radiation hormesis bacterial and yeast cells. // Radiation Biology. Radioecology. - 2003. - V. 43. - № 2. - P.176-178.

9. Kopylov V.M., Gamma and other resistance and ultraviolet sensitivity of thermophilic archaea extreme-and eubacteria // Microbiology. -1993. - V.62. - In. 1. – P. 90-95.