Tastemirova Zh.A.
Senior Lecturer of the Department of Accounting and Auditing
Kostanai State University A.Baitursynov,
Kazakhstan
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALIZATION,
COOPERATION AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL INTEGRATION AS A FUNDAMENTAL FACTOR FOR FOOD
SECURITY AND THE HIGH COMPETITIVENESS OF AGRIBUSINESS
The development of social
division of labor and specialization in the agricultural sector is an objective
necessity in a market economy, the requirements resulting from increasing
production efficiency, product quality and competitiveness.
Greater specialization,
as an expression of the social division of labor, due to the necessity of
progressive organization of production, improvement of technological progress
and the growth of technical equipment of labor, provides an increase in
production and improving its quality.
Specialization of
production is based on the differentiation of the means of labor and the
improvement of the means of production. For the "economic era - Marx
pointed out - do not differ that is produced, and how is the means by which
labor".
In the process of
increased specialization within sectors of agro-industrial production is its
differentiation - production: grains, milk, meat and others. Each of the
branches has its own specialized technology, production tools, frames, etc.
The system of
agricultural production market sector, occupying the largest share in the
structure of the gross output of producers, determines its specialization and
provides a framework to improve the quality and competitiveness of products.
The economic
justification for the combination of industry is crucial to the growth of
production and ensuring food security of the country, as well as a positive
effect on the quality of products, contributing to a more even flow of its
customers throughout the year.
The main objectives of
the specialization of production, rational combination of industries in
agribusiness organizations are:
- Rational use of labor,
material, land and water resources;
- Ensuring the growth of
labor productivity;
- Reduction of production
costs;
- Smoothing the
seasonality of production while ensuring a balance between supply and demand.
The development of
production specialization of producers in the agricultural sector affects the
natural and economic conditions, the availability of land resources, the
structure and size of land, remoteness from industrial centers, the
availability of transport routes, and others. For example, rural producers,
located near towns and highways may specialize in the production whole milk,
fresh meat, eggs and vegetables. The economy, with large areas of natural
pastures, may specialize in sheep, lamb and wool production.
In the presence of
sufficient producers of arable land, for example, in the Northern, Central and
Eastern Kazakhstan, may specialize in the production of grains and oilseeds and
other agricultural products.
Specialization of
agricultural production associated with the development of the territorial
division of labor. In the Republic of Kazakhstan in the early 1950s. XX
century, a team of the Institute of Soil Science of the Kazakh SSR, together
with scientists from Institute of soil. Dokuchaeva with the participation of
other research institutions in the Republic of Kazakhstan have identified six
natural-economic zones: farming steppe, dry steppe farming and livestock,
livestock desert, semi-desert livestock, the Tien-Shan mountain and foothill
areas of irrigated and rain-fed agriculture and livestock, Altai mountain and
foothill areas of agriculture and animal husbandry. The above areas have been
accepted as natural and economic areas of the country to determine the
prospects of development and specialization of agricultural production in
developing farming systems teams of scientists of the Institute of the Academy
of Agricultural Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. On the basis of natural and
economic zoning defined areas of deployment of individual crops and animal
species.
However, this natural and
economic zoning has been a number of shortcomings. One of them was that they
had a certain economic and administrative targeting. For this reason, this form
of zoning in the country was not able to promote the integrated regional
development sectors of the economy. In addition, in certain areas of soil and
other characteristics shared area for a few more areas. For example, in
Kostanai, East Kazakhstan, Aktobe regions were part of the three
natural-economic zones. This granularity violates the territorial integrity and
economic development of these regions.
Northern Kazakhstan,
having 63% of arable land and large reserves of the mining industry is the main
grain-fuel and energy base of Kazakhstan.
Southern Kazakhstan,
comprising 82% of irrigated land and 27% of natural pastures, is a region of
intensive agriculture, combined with astrakhan sheep grazing. It focused,
almost the entire production of sugar beet, cotton, fruit and grapes, and
others.
Further deepening the
specialization of agricultural production aimed at improving the quality and
competitiveness of products, it should be associated with the formation of
specialized production types of enterprises operating in the agro-industrial
complex in market conditions.
By specialized production
types can be understood agribusiness companies, including РF, cooperatives et al., Are in similar natural and
economic conditions, having the same specialization, similar parameters of
development and the level of intensity of production.
The main economic
indicators to identify the typical farms than similar parameters can be: the structure
of agricultural land, acreage, livestock industries, commodity products, etc.
All of these structural
indicators in the comparable values can determine similarity agribusiness organizations on industrial areas and
natural and economic conditions.
However, this issue
deserves continued research using new methods of studying the types of
agro-industrial groups in the development of a market economy.
Thus, the global
experience of developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan) for the formation of
farms shows that by increasing production volume, improve the quality and
competitiveness of the specialization of production of rural producers through
the introduction of new technologies, the choice of the necessary means of
production and varieties of plants, breeds of animals, providing not only an
increase in production, but also enhancing its quality.
Increasing specialization
in the agricultural production and the consistent implementation of scientific
and technological progress (NTP) is the main trend in the development of a
modern market economy. The widespread adoption of them to life in China, Korea
and other countries have allowed the short term to raise the economy of
agriculture, including the agricultural sector.
This is due to the fact
that the functioning of a market economy requires a transformation of the
productive forces, qualitative changes in the economic structure of
agriculture, technological upgrading and specialization of production, rational
combination between the leading factors (natural resource, science and
technology, labor). The development will be more successful than the more fully
be taken into account patterns and trends in the choice of future goals and
ways to achieve them.
With the development of
scientific and technical progress the introduction of new technologies and
modernization should be carried out on the basis of rational combination of
subjective factors (human resources) with the objective of production factors
for the production of competitive products in both domestic and foreign
markets.
In the coming years the
company plans to build animal feed in the regions of intensive development of
livestock and poultry in Akmola, Aktobe and Kostanai regions.
It should be noted that
the rapid pace of development, Rowan narrowly specialize, for example, the feed
industry of Kazakhstan is a crucial factor in increasing the production of
animal products, improve its quality and competitiveness. These companies are
able to meet a wide range of needs of customers of different profiles, ranging
from large poultry farms and small to medium peasant farm-producing livestock
products, poultry and fish companies. High quality workmanship feed specialized
enterprises through the introduction of the achievements of scientific and
technical progress will allow farms growing cattle, heads of poultry farms and
fish farms to insure themselves against adverse conditions related to the lack
of feed and / or low quality. Using quality of feed to farms bring a large
amount of income and, accordingly, will help develop the social sphere of rural
areas.
Thus, in a market
economy, production specialization is a critical factor in improving the
economic efficiency of agriculture, which opens opportunities for further
improving the use of material, labor and land resources, increase the skills of
workers and, ultimately, contributes to the growth of labor productivity,
improve quality and product competitiveness and food security.