Master's student, Ulbiev Zelimhan

Karaganda Economic University of Kazpotrebsoyus

The process of formation and development

of a national system of accounting

and auditing in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Dynamically developing Kazakhstan's economy attracts foreign investors. A successful functioning of the economy is impossible without the use of real levers of control and progressive organization tools, such as system monitoring and accounting, factor analysis.
The organization of modern social production is not possible without control over it. Management is designed to organize, coordinate, regulate and control the business activities of individual workers and productive units. Accounting is one of the main places in the system of governance, reflecting the real processes of production, circulation, distribution and consumption, describing the financial condition of the company, it is the basis for planning, forecasting and analyzing its activities.
Economic accounting is a reflection of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of economic phenomena and processes in order to control and manage them more effectively.
The reform of accounting allows for transparency, accuracy and completeness of the analyzed information contained in the financial statements, effectively used for maximum economic benefit. In addition, innovations in accounting significantly increase the level of openness of the economy, which is a requirement of time. On the openness of the economy is judged not only by the share of exports in gross domestic product, or other statistical indicators, but also by how much data about the economy are available to all who need them, and how high the transparency and reliability of these data.
In Kazakhstan, the reform of accounting and reporting institutions and the gradual transition to IFRS began with independence was secured in 1995 with the publication of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan having the force of law "On Accounting". The adoption in 1996 of Kazakh Accounting Standards (KAS), developed on the basis of international standards, was the beginning of the transition to IFRS.
According to the Law "On Accounting and Financial Statements", "Accounting is a system for the collection and compilation of registration information on transactions and events businesses and organizations regulated by the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan on accounting and financial reporting, accounting standards and accounting policy "[1].

1. Another key point in the development of accounting has been a shift in 1995-1996, accounting operations performed on the accrual basis in the recognition of income and expenses. This method is one of the main principles of IFRS. The advantage of this method over the previously used the cash method is the ability to determine the current financial condition of the subject through the objective analysis of the expected actual income or retirement funds.
In 1998 it adopted the State program of development and improvement of accounting and auditing in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 1998 - 2000. Main napravleniyaprogrammy: development of a unified methodological concept of accounting and auditing, including relevant accounting standards and the computerization of the accounting problems of internal control, an independent audit, the creation of the Institute of Professional Accountants, as well as issues of international cooperation in the field of accounting and auditing .The main purpose of the program is - to ensure the development and implementation of a new accounting system that meets the requirements of radical economic reforms, expansion of international relations and the integration of Kazakhstan into the world community to ensure the subjects required financial information, user-oriented, and enhance professionalism in the field of accounting accounting and auditing.
In 2002, it approved a new Model chart of accounts. Adoption then close or based on international accounting standards Kazakhstan (KAS) was the basis of the restructuring of thought "accountant" and adapting to the new philosophy of the accounting profession. Modern accountant should prepare high-quality information to make effective management decisions that determine the marketing strategy and tactics of the organization's financial side. It should be noted that it was KAS played a role in the transition to a market economy.
In 2001, the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan was established Methodological Council on accounting and auditing, the purpose of which was the creation of transfer to IFRS accounting system across the gosudarstva.Pervonachalno task was to develop on the basis of IFRS own Kazakh accounting standards, however, on the basis of appropriate, the Council adopted a decision on legislative consolidation of the financial statements according to international standards adopted by the Committee in accordance with IFRS.
As a result, in the first half of 2002, the biggest and most essential step in the transition to IFRS has been the introduction of the Ministry of Finance of changes and additions to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On accounting" under which it was clearly determined that a January 1, 2003 financial institutions, from 1 January 2005, the share of non-financial sectors of society and from 1 January 2006, all other organizations are exclusively financial reporting in accordance with IFRS, officially translated into the state and Russian languages.

In 2007, the new Law of RK "On Accounting and Financial Statements" [2], the differences which are as follows:
1. The introduction of a system in which the financial statements in accordance with IFRS required to be only subjects large businesses and public interest entities. Small and medium-sized businesses prepare their financial statements according to national accounting standards. This voluntary choice of IFRS for them is not prohibited. These measures are in line with government policy to promote and support private enterprise;
2. envisages improving the quality of financial reporting and the ability to monitor the financial reporting by establishing a certain level of requirements for chief accountants of public interest organizations and the creation of the depository financial statements;
3. introduce elements of self-regulation in accounting and financial statements, with the introduction of the Advisory Body consisting of representatives of professional organizations, government bodies and other organizations; accreditation of professional accountancy bodies and organizations of the professional certification of accountants
For example, in Kazakhstan have adopted national accounting standards: NSFO№1 and NAS №2 (Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 21, 2007, under number 218).
National Accounting Standard №1 was designed to determine the order of accounting and financial reporting by small businesses applying under tax legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan special tax regimes, as well as peasants or farmers, legal entities - agricultural producers, entrepreneurs which are small businesses.
National Accounting Standard №2 defines the procedure for the implementation of accounting and financial reporting: small and medium enterprises; non-profit organizations, branches and representative offices of foreign legal entities registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan; state-owned enterprises based on the right of operational management (public enterprises).
In 2013, the republic introduced a single national standartbuhgalterskogo accounting, which defines the principles and qualitative characteristics of financial reporting, accounting and financial reporting by small businesses, as well as legal entities, sole activity which is the organization of exchange operations with foreign currency (Order of the Ministry Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the number 50 on 13.01.13g. "On approval of the National Financial Reporting Standards")
The maximum approach to IFRS enables companies of Kazakhstan to compete across the international economy.
For the effective development and functioning of the market, the company will determine for themselves the range of purposes and seeks to implement them. Any economic entity engaged in industrial or commercial activities, need for quality management and implementation of advanced technologies that make the process of managerial decision-making fast and efficient. Activities of professional services firms, providing professional services, business entities of the economy, provides the effective use of advanced technologies and progressive management.
Key management functions such as planning, organization, analysis, motivation, control, accounting closely linked with the audit, which allows to identify and eliminate possible mistakes priplanirovanii, organization and regulation of economic processes of economic entities.
The emergence and formation of professional audit - a process dostatochnodlitelny not ended vremya.Audit currently has more than 200-year history, its occurrence is related to the division of the interests of those who are directly engaged in enterprise management (administration, management) and those who invest in its activities (owners, shareholders and investors).
Development of professional audit takihmezhdunarodnyh promote activities and regional organizations such as the Committee on International Accounting Standards (IASC - founded in 1973.), The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC -Create in 1977.), The International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI- in 1953.) Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting (ISAR), established in 1979. at the UNPO, and others. [4]

All these developments indicate a gradual expansion of the scope and extent of the audit, which was already not limited to verifying the accuracy of clerical buhgalterskihzapisey. In developed countries such as the US and the UK have formed a kind of independent audit. The need to improve them dictated by the growing demand for reliable financial information about the activities of economic entities from multiple lenders, investors and other interested users.
Kazakhstan's transition to a market economy in the 90s of the last century, the corporatization of enterprises sozdaniesovmestnyh enterprises with foreign capital, led to a need for vozniknoveniiotechestvennogo audit as a tool for providing predstavlenieinteresov storon.Rynochnye relations dictate the mutual interest in economic subjects reporting dostovernostibuhgalterskoy different polzovateleyukazannoy reporting: shareholders (owners), investors, lenders, creditors, government agencies in the face of tax inspections, organovstatistiki.
The history of the emergence and formation of the audit in the Republic of Kazakhstan began v1989g., When switchgear (Audit Office), the Ministry of Finance was organized by self-supporting audit group. Then, at its base, according to the Decree of the Kazakh SSR SovetaMinistrov of 15 February 1990. Number 60, was created by self-supporting auditorskiytsentr "Kazakhstanaudit" territorial offices of the Ministry of finansovrespubliki. Since 1992. this company has become a major independent joint-stock company, which provides audit services to organizations of all forms of ownership.
The first law "On Auditing in the Republic of Kazakhstan" was adopted on October 18, 1993 .. Changes in the economic and socio-political life of the country, led to the development of the new Law "On audit activity", adopted November 20, 1998 (with amendments and amendments as of 05.05.2015 r.) [3] .This statute helped perpetuate de facto independence of auditors and audit organizations in the country.
Compared to the "old" law, it consistently and fully disclosed the fundamental concepts, principles, types, subjects, the competence of the authorized bodies, the rules of certification of candidates in auditors, licensing and implementation of audit activities.
According to the requirements of the Law "On Auditing" were provedenymeropriyatiya to establish territorial chambers and the Republican Chamber of Auditors, the election of the Audit Commission and Education Qualification Commission for certification of auditors.
In 2012, in the domestic market are auditorskieorganizatsii 159 (including 15 organizations belonging to international networks) and more than 500 auditors.
In the future, the need for specialists audit cases will increase. Poraschetam Republican Chamber of Auditors of the number of employees, zanimayuschihsyaauditorskoy activities in the country, should be around 30 thousand. Man.
Today the market of Kazakhstan and audit organizations konsaltingovyekompanii divided into several categories. In the first part of four international companies, so-called "Big Four»: PriceWaterhouseCoopers, KPMG, Deloitte & Touch, Ernst & Young. These international audit organizations, virtually seized rynokaudita worldwide. Second category- are large otechestvennyeauditorskie organization with sufficient experience. The third category consists of a small organization, consisting of 2-3 employees [5].
"Big Four" has ottochennymimnogoletney practice techniques and procedures for analizabiznes processes. And with the advent of these companies in the Kazakhstan rynkezakladyvayutsya international standards of formation of business infrastructure.
The development of professional standards at the international level are engaged in several organizations, including the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), which includes representatives of 158 organizations from 115 countries.
As part of the IFAC auditing standards directly involved in the International Auditing Practices Committee (ICATU), which concerns the right of permanent autonomous organization.
In the Republic of Kazakhstanaudit initially carried out on the basis of Kazakh standards on auditing developed by the International Standards. At the fifth conference of the Republican auditors RK, held March 16, 2000 in Almaty, examined and adopted "International Standards on Auditing in Kazakhstan." Our version of "MCA in Kazakhstan," the decision of the International Regional Federation of Accountants and Auditors "Eurasia" is recommended for all CIS countries to adopt as a basis. The International Auditing Practices Committee (ICATU) has issued regulations, consisting of the International Standards of Auditing (ISA) and standards for the provision of related services (SSA).
The decision on the transition to international standards of auditing and accepted as national, received legal support by the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Auditing." According to this regulation in the country carried out the audit in accordance with international auditing standards, which do not contradict the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, published in the state and Russian organization with the written permission of their official publication by the Committee on International Auditing Practice of the International Federation of Accountants. That right has the Chamber of Auditors of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which in 2007 published a collection of international standards of audit, assurance and ethics.
The legal basis for accounting and auditing is designed to meet the requirements of the Constitution, the Civil Code, the Code of Administrative Offences, the Tax Code, the Law "On Bankruptcy", "On Joint Stock Companies", "On foreign investments" and other normative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan regulating the activities of companies , companies and other commercial organizations.

In the Republic of Kazakhstan established auditing system regulated by law, based on international models, constantly improving its institutional, including regulatory and legal framework.
Study of the problems of professional audit of economic activity is reflected in the interest of all participants in the sound of his organization at the lowest possible cost to produce the greatest economic impact.
Following the results of opinion polls are often conducted by foreign expert organizations, the accounting profession, the auditor is consistently one of the three places, successfully competing with the profession of lawyer and doctor. In our country, the profession of auditor, was revived in the late XX century, has become a very prestigious and promising vidomraboty highly qualified specialists in the field of accounting, finance, control, analysis, law, management, marketing, strategic and current planning, organization management of various spheres of the national economy and work businesses.

References:
1. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On accounting and financial reporting" from 26.12.1995 № 2732, repealed in accordance with the Law of February 28, 2007 № 234-III LRK.
2. The law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Accounting and Financial Reporting" ot28 February 2007 (with amendments and additions as of 12.29.2014).
3. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated November 20, 1998 "On Auditing Activity" (with alterations and amendments as of 05.05.2015).
4. DO Ablenov Fundamentals of Auditing. - Astana, 2008.
5.Nurseitov EO Audit: a brief guide. - Almaty: LEM, 2010.
AK 6. Kabylova Fundamentals of Accounting. - Astana, 2008.
7. NurseitovE.O.Buhgaltersky accounting in organizations / Tutorial. -
Almaty: LEM », 2009.