Ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèå
íàóêè/4.
Ñèíòàêñèñ: ñòðóêòóðà,ñåìàíòèêà,ôóíêöèÿ
Êðûæàê Î.Þ.
Íàöèîíàëüíûé òåõíè÷åñêèé
óí³âåðñèòåò Óêðàèíû «Êèåâñêèé ïîëèòåõíè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò»
THE MAIN WAYS OF FORMING COMPUTER NEOLOGISMS
Word-Formation is
a constant way of replenishment of any language and sublanguage by lexical means, which gives the most significant results in terms of quantity,
and, of course, it needs a separate and detailed consideration.
1.
Affixation
New prefix info- (short form of the
word information) is widely
used for the formation of computer
neologisms: infobahn, infoglut, infomediary, infomonger, infonaut, infostructure, infowar, infoworld.
“One explanation for this is that Russia Today
has been infiltrated by Western infowar specialists who are trying to
discredit it with kooky programming.” [4]
Highly productive affixoids techno-, tele- are used to a significant extent. Element techno (tech) is
widely used for introducing concepts
associated with modern, especially computer equipment (technonerd, technohead,
technomanager), element tele-
also takes part in the creation of
derivatives related to computers and
telecommunications (telecommuting, teledemocracy,
telemedicine).
“The idea was something more like a house party
for serious technoheads, Piotr Orlov, a D.J. who started Treehouse with
two 30-something friends, wrote in an e-mail message.”[5]
Till the end
of the eighties affixoid cyber- (part of the word
cybernetics) functioned in English within a
small number of words. "Cyberneologisms"
poured in English
in 90 years due to the increasing role of the Internet. British linguist M.Quinion called such explosion of neologisms
“cyberplague”.
Element cyber, along with a
general meaning “associated with computers”
is more often used in a more narrow sense of “connected to the Internet”
(cybercash, cybercommuter, cybersurf).
“Cybercash, one of the pioneers in the
field, filed for bankruptcy protection earlier this year.” [9]
Prefix e-, formed from the word electronic, is considered to be a new cyber-
and is more common in modern English: e-banking, e-book, e-cash, e-business, e-shop, e-mail.
“For years, giving away free content and
services has been the standard e-business model.” [6]
As the
basis for many neologisms a shortened version of the
word Internet – the Net is also frequently used, for example: nethead,
netmyth, netsavvy.
“Babbage noted in November
that the block had not deterred Facebook from advertising for staff to push
forward its brand in the net-savvy nation.” [4]
Prefixes of
Latin origin are also widely used in the formation of computer
terms: inter- super-, mini-,
macro-, micro-, auto-, multi-, mega-:
interactive, minidriver, superuser, macrocommand, microfile, autodump,
multisystem, megaword.
“Roosegaarde and his team have
long been fascinated by the notion of technology and electricity combining to
create more interactive and open environments.” [7]
Prefix re-
is characterized by the highest frequency of use with a meaning of repeated action (in such
terms as råñîðó, recreate,
reformat)
2. Conversion
Conversion is the
formation of new words by transferring from one part of speech
to another. In terminological
lexicon the most productive are two
schemes:
1. V→N (Substantivization):
Abort (ï.) – premature discontinuing of the
program (from abort (v.) – to stop a program or function
before it has finished naturally).
“If a Word document is being
copied from a local or network volume to removable media, then it must be
encrypted and prompt the user to encrypt the removable media or abort
the operation.” [8]
2. N→V (Verbalization):
Pirate (v.) – to sell or transmit stolen “intellectual property”
(e.g. software, compact discs, etc.).
“The ultimate goal is to
obtain so-called "zero-day
warez," or software pirated on the same day it was
released” [8]
3. Word-Composition
Word-composition is a combination of two or more stems in
a single word-composite, which is
distinguished by its wholeness.
Mass-mailing – the posting of
advertising or similar material to a lot of people at one time.
Menu-driven
– A computer is
operated by making choices from different menus rather than by giving separate
instructions on a keyboard.
Workstation – a
keyboard and screen with which a person can use a computer system.
Context-free – a
program that generates images from written instructions called a grammar.
Failsafe – something designed to work
or function automatically to prevent breakdown of a mechanism, system, or the
like.
Annoybot – a device or
piece of software that can execute commands, reply to messages, or perform
routine tasks, as online searches, either automatically or with minimal human
intervention.
Hotlist – a collection of
favourite or frequently used Web sites or those about a specific topic.
Vaxherd – operator of VAX.
Bar/mail – a sudden stream
of mail.
Sneakernet – Term used
(generally with ironic intent) for transfer of electronic information by
physically carrying tape, disks, or some other media from one machine to
another.
4. Telescopy
Computer
neologisms, created by means of telescopy,
can be divided into the following
categories:
1. Types of computers and their
components – “Objects”
Transputer (transistor +
computer) – a single microchip on which all the functions of an entire
microprocessor are incorporated.
Penputer (pen + computer):
Penputer (pen + computer):
Hackintosh (hack+macintosh) –
a
computer built to run Mac OS X.
2. A person associated with
this sphere – “Subject”
Compcierge (computer +
concierge) – a hotel employee, who assists guests with a computer-related tasks
and problems.
Hacktivist (hacker + activist) – hacker, using
secret information with his own purposes.
Netizen (internet + citizen) – people who use the Internet
to participate in or contribute to an Internet group or society.
3. Concepts related to the computer field – “Abstracts”
Compunication (computer +
communication) – any form of computer-based communication, including e-mail, fax,
voice mail.
Dataveillance (data +
surveillance) – the ability to monitor a person’s activities by studying the data
trail created by action.
Hackint (hacking +
intelligence) – secret information, obtained by breaking into a computer system.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Ginzburg R.S. A
course in modern English lexicology.- Moscow: Vysshaja Shkola, 1979.- 269 p.
2. Ãðîìîâà Ì. Ëåêñè÷í³ òà
ñèíòàêòèêî-ñòèë³ñòè÷í³ çì³íè â ñó÷àñí³é àíãë³éñüê³é ìîâ³: âïëèâ êîìï'þòåðíèõ
òåõíîëîã³é [Òåêñò] / Ì. Ãðîìîâà, Ñ.Â. Áàðàíîâà // Ìàòåð³àëè íàóêîâî-òåîðåòè÷íî¿
êîíôåðåíö³¿ âèêëàäà÷³â, àñï³ðàíò³â, ñï³âðîá³òíèê³â òà ñòóäåíò³â ãóìàí³òàðíîãî
ôàêóëüòåòó : 23-27 êâ³òíÿ 2007 ðîêó. - Ñóìè: ÑóìÄÓ, 2007. - ×.1. - Ñ.70-72.
3. Æóë³íñüêà Ì.Î. Êîãí³òèâíà
ñåìàíòèêà àíãë³éñüêèõ êîìï’þòåðíèõ íåîëîã³çì³â, óòâîðåíèõ øëÿõîì òåëåñêîﳿ.-
Íàóêîâèé â³ñíèê Âîëèíñüêîãî íàö³îíàëüíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó ³ìåí³ Ëåñ³ Óêðà¿íêè.
Ñåð³ÿ: Ô³ëîëîã³÷í³ íàóêè.- 2008. - ¹ 2. – Ñ. 112-115.
4. The Economist: http://www.economist.com/
5. The New York Times:
http://www.nytimes.com/
6. Time: http://www.time.com/time/
7. Newsweek/The Daily Beast: http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek.html
8. Eweek: http://www.eweek.com/
9. Business week: http://www.businessweek.com/