Introduction
The assurance for the delivery of energy is the basis
of economic development. There are connections between the economic development
of given country, the quality of life and energy
consumption. The energy which is used in manufacturing processes in industry
and in different branches of economy has to be supplied in definite aspects
(directly, for example: electric energy, heat or gas, or else indirectly in
sold goods and testified services). To
make an electric power system work properly, it is essential that a well developed
industry produces energy-saving, competitive products. However, for the
assurance of correct development of branch industry as well as the whole
national economy is necessary the advancement of power engineering.
Previously,
energy was perceived in a certain sense as a barrier for economic growth. More
often the energy is treated as a factor for the realization of an
eco-development strategy.
Situation of power engineering in Poland
Fast social-economical development can be observed in
Poland in recent years and it has required the assertion for the delivery of energy in proper
quantities and quality allows for more precise ecological norms. The assurance
of power engineering safety is the most important task.
The power engineering safety of the country is based
on the accessibility of different energy supports and the guarantee of
continuity, and also a developed infrastructure for the reception and
transmission of energy supports from national and foreign suppliers, as well as
their conversion. The delivery of individual supports should be diversified,
which allows for the increase of energy safety. It should be noticed that
Poland is an importer of energy. The necessary expenses on the purchase of
fuels (such as: petroleum and natural gas) crosses the earnings from the
exportation of hard coal, which is the main export energy support. This data is
introduced in Table 1.
The unfavorable balance of the exchange of the energy
supports (fig. 1) has caused the monoculture of coal utilization in the process
of production of electric energy and heat (over 90%). However, in the near
future, Poland will have to change the structure of energy supports
utilization. This has caused the limited possibilities of production technology
(conventional power stations) and the limitation of SO2 and CO2
emissions (The Kioto Protocol [6]). This change will focus on the following
goals: the reduction of coal consumption, and an increase in natural gas and
renewable energy. Presently, the renewable energy in the structure of primitive
energy is carried out by just 1,7 -
2,1%. Poland, as a member of the UE, is obliged to the "White Book" [3, 4, 6], which is to
enlarge the production of electric energy from renewable sources. This document
foresees that by 2010 the production from renewable sources will reach a level
of 12% in UE enlargement .
The
structure of the consumption of primary energy in Poland differs considerably
from the rest of world (fig. 2).
The
country’s resource of primary energy supports (tab. 2) determine the structure of their
utilizations. This means that over 90%
of electric energy will be produced from hard and brown coal.
Poland
mines 100 million tones of hard coal every year, but it is not the potentate in
relation to energy supports production. The comparison of the main energy
support producers is introduced in Fig. 3. The majority
of electric energy produced in conventional power plants use hard or brown coal
(tab. 3). Poland does not possess its own nuclear power plants, so the
strategic decision will be for the development of nuclear power engineering.
Tab. 1. The import and the export of
energy supports in Poland
in 2005
|
Name |
Import |
Export |
||
|
of energy support
|
Mass (mln t) |
Value (thous. pln) |
Mass (mln t) |
Value (thous. pln) |
|
Natural gas |
7,118 |
5 829 194 |
0,026 |
11 031 |
|
Petroleum |
17,641 |
19 963 760 |
0,216 |
289 591 |
|
Hard coal |
3,372 |
714 441 |
19,369 |
4 900 143 |
|
Brown coal |
0,001 |
472 |
0,008 |
512 |
|
The rest |
0,588 |
764 902 |
5,270 |
4 416 491 |
|
Totality |
28,718 |
37 626 731 |
24,890 |
13 645 553 |
Fig. 1. The balance of the export - import of
mineral materials
in 2000 - 2005 [7]
Tab. 2. Resources and production the
primary energy supports
in Poland in 2005 [7]
|
Carrier of energy |
Unit |
Documented resorces |
Production |
|
Natural
gas |
mln m3 |
151 818 |
3 263 |
|
Petroleum |
thous. t |
21 631 |
818 |
|
Hard coal |
thous. t |
13 724 323 |
97 904 |
|
Brown coal |
thous. t |
43 321 231 |
61 637 |
Fig. 2. Structure
of primary energy supports consumption in Poland and the rest of the world in
2005
Fig. 3. The energy supports production
(in equivalent of hard coal) [3]
Such a
project of nuclear power plant building is difficult to realize since there is
a strong social opposition in Poland, and the necessity of nuclear fuel
assurance and the safe storage the
radioactive waste. However, it will be
hard to attend to the commitment of relating the limitation of greenhouse gases
emission in Poland without nuclear power engineering working with safe atomic
reactors [1, 3, 4, 6, 8].In figure 4, the power installed in power plants in
countries in Europe is shown. The most interesting comparison is Poland with
Spain since both countries have similar populations. The power installed in
Spanish power plants is considerably higher than in Poland, this joins also
with quantity of produced electric energy (fig. 5). In Poland, one person uses
4 039 kWh per year and it is considerably lower in comparison to other
countries; for example: Italy 5 209 kWh, Spain 5 846 kWh, and Germany 6 459
kWh.
Tab. 3. The structure of electric power installed in 2005 [2]
|
Power Plants |
Electric Power installed MW |
Production of electric energy |
|
|
GWh |
% |
||
|
Professional
power plants using hard coal |
20 684 |
82 650 |
57,7 |
|
Professional power plants using brown coal |
9 234 |
48 742 |
34,0 |
|
Professional water-power plants |
2 121 |
3 722 |
2,6 |
|
Industrial power plants |
2 635 |
8 110 |
5,7 |
Fig. 4.
Net amount of installed electric power in 2002 [9]
Fig. 5. Electric energy production in 2002 [9]
Situation of power engineering in Polish
industy
Since 1989,
the growth of electric energy consumption has been observed. It is
connected with the development of the national economy (fig. 6). One can notice
a decrease in primary energy consumption
from 1996 (fig. 7). The changes happened in the quantity of hard coal consumption.
In the last fifteen years, hard coal consumption was reduced by about 30% and
is now 68 million tones per year (fig. 8). It increases however with natural
gas consumption (fig. 9). This is connected with ecology, because natural gas
emits less pollution than coal (tab. 4). The enlargement of gas consumption
requires the logging of him from foreign supplier by steels growing prices of
this support.
Tab. 4. The emission of natural gas air pollution in comparison with
hard coal [5]
|
Name |
Unit |
Hard coal |
Natural Gas |
|
Carbon dioxide |
% |
100 |
55 |
|
Sulfur oxide |
% |
100 |
0 |
|
Nitric oxide |
% |
100 |
40 |
![Text Box:
Fig. 10. The electric energy consumption factor in industry in 1992 – 2005 [9]](27074.doc_files/image014.gif)
![Text Box:
Fig. 6. The electric energy consumption in Poland generally (red) and in industry (blue) in 1990 – 2005 [9]
Fig. 7. The primary energy consumption in Poland generally (red) and in industry (blue) in 1990 – 2005 [9]
Fig. 8. The hard coal consumption in industry in 1990 – 2005 [9]
Fig. 9. The earth gas consumption in industry in yeras 1990 – 2005 [9]](27074.doc_files/image019.gif)
![Text Box:
Fig. 11. The energy-consuming factor in industry in 1994 -2005 [9]
*Electric energy consumption per 100 pln of sold production](27074.doc_files/image021.gif)
After 1989,
the restructuring of industry was conducted. This influenced electric energy
consumption in individual branches of industry. The characteristic factors are shown
in figure 10.
In
high-industrialized countries in Western Europe, energy prices depend on the
costs of its production. The energy management in these countries is more
efficient than in Poland. The countries of Western Europe characterize a solid
growth of energy productivity with a decrease of an energy-consuming factor.
The evolving Polish economy should follow in this direction also.
In
recent years, one can notice the fall of energy-consuming industrial production
factor (fig. 11). It is most clearly visible in the private sector. Polish
economy is an excessive contributor to the energy-consuming factor. In some
branches of industry, the energy-consuming factor is 3 times larger than in
high-industrialized countries.
To
limit the energy-consuming factors of Polish industry, one should:
·
exchange energy-consuming and
material-consuming technologies to modern and energy-saving technologies,
especially in heavy industry,
·
magnify work productivity with a better organization
of production and exploitation,
·
introduce a suitable legal-economic
settlement, which will promote energy-saving and ecology technologies,
·
allow the Polish government to
promote, by suitable legal means, saving energy.
Summary
Poland
is facing difficult problems: the assurance of power engineering safety, the
diversification of natural gas and petroleum deliveries from foreign partners.
The extension and modernization of energy production sources will permit for
the magnification of power engineering safety in Poland. During the extension
of an electric power system, one should consider renewable power engineering.
The development of clean ecological power engineering
is connected with the limitation of greenhouse gas emission.
It
is inconceivable that Poland has to consider the variant of nuclear power plant
building. Building an atomic power station will permit the fulfillment of
international obligations, which concerns the problem addressing global climate
warming.
LITERATURE
[1]
Czwarty Raport Rządowy dla Ramowej Konferencji Narodów
Zjednoczonych w sprawie zmian klimatu, Warszawa 2006.
[2]
Gospodarka paliwowo-energetyczna, GUS, Warszawa 2005.
[3]
Komisja Wspólnot Europejskich: Komunikat Komisji: Plan
działania na rzecz racjonalizacji zużycia energii. Sposoby
wykorzystania potencjału, Bruksela 2006.
[4]
Komisja Wspólnot Europejskich: Zielona Księga w sprawie
racjonalizacji zużycia energii, czyli jak uzyskać więcej
mniejszym nakładem środków, Bruksela 2005.
[5]
Ney R.: Ocena zasobów energetycznych Polski, Elektroenergetyka nr
1, 2002.
[6]
Protokół z Kioto do Ramowej
konwencji Narodów Zjednoczonych w sprawie zmian klimatu, sporządzony w Kioto
dnia 11 grudnia 1997 r. (Dz. U. z dnia 17 października 2005 r.).
[7]
Przeniosło S.: Surowce mineralne Polski, Państwowy Instytut
Geologiczny, str. internetowe: www.pgi.gov.pl
[8]
Raport: Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Polski, Warszawa 2006.
[9]
Rocznik statystyczny przemysłu, GUS, Warszawa 1990-2006.
_____________
Autors: mgr inż. Marek Kott, E-mail: marek.kott@pwr.wroc.pl.;
dr
hab. inż. Bogumiła Wnukowska, E-mail: bogumila.wnukowska@pwr.wroc.pl, Wrocław University of Technology, Institute of Electrical Power Engineering,
27 Wybrzeże
Wyspiańskiego Street , 50-370 Wrocław.