Экономические науки/13.Региональная экономика.

Nassakayeva B.E., сandidate of economical sciences

Karaganda Economic University of Kazpotrebsouz Republic of Kazakhstan

ECOLOGICAL ASPECT OF A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: REGIONAL LEVEL

Summary

One of aspects of a sustainable development is ecological. In article the current ecological state of the Karaganda region which has negative impact on an ecological situation of all Central Kazakhstan is considered. Sustainable regional development requires the solution of environmental issues.

Here already tens years in the world there are discussions about optimum model of eco-economic development, concepts of eco-development, ecological safety, a sustainable development are discussed. The broad movement for a sustainable development of mankind arose in many respects thanks to the mathematical analysis by J. Forrester, D. and D. Medouzami and other researchers of tendencies of the growing society within system and dynamic approach. The matters were discussed in Bogdanov A. and Bukharin N. works in the twenties of the XX century within, so called, theories of balance: "Progress of society is development of its productive forces, economic basis, a superstructure, and also direct and their return connections, interferences - objectively is defined by intensity of interaction between society and the nature". This theory of balance laid the foundation of formation of the general theory of systems of L. Bertalaffi. Connection of the system engineering, last with algorithms, allowed J. Forester to develop model of development of society in global scales.

According to the decision of the United Nations General Assembly the International commission on environment and development (ICED) which was urged to open the problems uniting ecological and social and economic aspects of world development was created. In the report of ICED called "Our General Future" was published definition "sustainable development". It is used in scientific literature as "sustainable development". By definition of ICED "the sustainable development” represents process of large-scale changes in which intensity of operation of natural and resource potential, the directions of use of financial means, orientation of scientific and technical development and institutional changes have to be coordinated with present and future requirements that assumes existence of political will, legislative activity and mutually beneficial international cooperation" [1].

According to it, within the concept of a sustainable development, there are 3 independent directions:

1. the economic - improvement of quality of life, the consumed goods and services and

other;

2. the ecological - preservation of the life-supporting environment (ecosystems) and a resource basis for satisfaction of economic and social requirements;

3. the social - welfare improvement, expansion of access of educational and medical services, and also providing the minimum standards of safety, including and ecological.

Therefore, that long-term development has to ensure at the same time social stability, ecological safety and economic efficiency is fundamental. Thus each country has own idea of a sustainable development, the concepts and programs of the state development are created. In 2006 in Kazakhstan the Concept of transition to a sustainable development for 2007-2024 with a long-term outlook, the quantitative purposes and indicators of measurement of the reached results was accepted. The concept sets a task of achievement of balance between the economic, social and ecological targets without causing damage of competitiveness of economy at the international level. The main functional directions of transition to a sustainable development are: solution of global environmental problems (fight against desertification, preservation of biological diversity, climate change and preservation of an ozone layer of Earth), use of new ecologically safe technologies, radiation and chemical safety and waste management, ensuring access to drinking water and solution of cross-border environmental problems [2].

The Karaganda region is the large industrial region with rich resource base. Primary activity of the industrial enterprises of area is development of mineral deposits, negatively influencing all elements of the biosphere. The strongest technogenic influence appears on the atmosphere, the general emissions from stationary and mobile sources make over one million tons per year. In this regard the main ecological indicators of a sustainable development, such as emissions of the polluting substances (table 1), dumpings and production wastes were considered.

Table 1 - Emissions of the harmful substances in the atmosphere departing from the stationary pollution sources (RK/region/region’s cities)

	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
All in Kazakhstan thous. tones	2 643,1	2 320,0	2 226,5	2 346,2	2 384,3
strong substances	688,7	639,1	639,3	631,0	593,8
gaseous and liquid substances	1 954,4	1 680,9	1 587,2	1715,2	1790,5
Karaganda area	991,6	687,7	661,2	691,3	641,4
Karaganda	46,3	43,0	47,7	49,1	51,1
Balkhash	424,3	134,9	107,3	116,7	99,9
Zhezkazgan	96,9	79,0	80,8	80,5	75,8
Temirtau	294,5	309,2	296,0	309,1	271,0
Note - It is made on the basis of a source [3]

Temirtau and Balkhash, the making 57,8% (respectively 42,2% and 15,6%) of all emissions on area have the most polluted atmosphere. From the enterprises of area the greatest volumes of emissions have JSC Arcelormittal Temirtau, "Zhezkazgantsvetmet". In total emissions from these enterprises determines an ecological situation not only by area, but also by the Central Kazakhstan.

The production activity practically of all industrial enterprises has negative impact on land resources. In RK the area of the broken lands made 245 thousand hectares from whom 49 thousand hectares, on area the area of the broken lands - 43101 hectares, are worked the broken lands - 9360 hectares. For our area quite considerable capital investments and the current costs of conservation, but of recultivation of lands are characteristic there are 3,9% of all sum (table 2). Therefore the level of remediation works lags behind qualifying standards that influences ecological intensity of area [4].

Table 2 - The current costs of environmental protection in 2012

(RK/the Karaganda region)

	All	Protection of air and problems of climate changing	Sewage treatment	Manage with waste	protection and rehabilitation of the soil, underground and surface water	reservation of a biodiversity and habitat
Republic of Kazakhstan	196458926,7	58841143,4	55938336,7	42276896,4	24243902,7	1254731,6
Karaganda region	27016554,6	11865347,5	8852647,2	5098242,2	1043859,1	3994,5
Note - It is made on the basis of a source [3]

Influence of activity of the industrial enterprises on a condition of land resources is diverse in forms of the manifestation, there is a reduction of fertile lands, considerable changes of structure and structure of a blanket of crust.

Not less problems developed in the field of protection and rational use of water resources. The qualitative composition of the dumped sewage is diverse, on many ingredients there is an excess of standards of maximum-permissible concentration, maximum-permissible dumpings. Impurity is connected, generally by that at many enterprises high-quality sewage treatment isn't provided, there is a pollution of underground waters from stores of municipal, industrial and agricultural facilities, important value has secondary pollution of water sources. Data on a sanitary condition of drinking water (table 3) testify to ecological wellbeing.

Table 3 - Quality of drinking water in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2013

unit weight of water tests nonqualifying to standarts%

	Quality of drinking water of objects of the decentralized water supply		Quality of drinking water of objects of the centralized water supply
	chemical indica-tors	microbiological indicators	chemical indicators	microbiological indicators
Republic of Kazakhstan	2,5	1,56	0,67	0,66
Note - It is made on the basis of a source [3]

These tables testify that on chemical and microbiological indicators water meets standard, on area the corresponding indicators are lower than national average values. About access for the population to clear water data aren't analyzed, but it is possible to tell that across Kazakhstan and in the region access is reduced in connection with reduction of reserves of fresh water. This factor is a brake to advance of regional system to a sustainable development. In the Report of the World commission on environmental protection and development "Our general future" is allocated with key area of a sustainable development the environmental problem connected with deterioration of natural base. Here the problem of access for the population to clear water is high on the list.

Negatively the waste which is formed in the course of a production activity of the enterprises and activity of the population (table 4) influences environment.

Table 4 - Formation of waste

Waste	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
Volume of the dangerous	453373,1	227555,0	303116,6	420668,3	355952,5
waste, from them
Use	4840	330	1960	4500	9472
dangerous wastes on
enterprises
Neutralization	61	52	63	61	82
dangerous wastes
household
waste	3411,9	3928,3	3784,7	3919,3	3588,3
Total amount the formed waste	456785,0	2314833,3	306901,3	424587,6	359540,7
Volume of the formed waste counting on GDP, kg/tenge	0,028	0,014	0,014	0,015	0,012
Note - It is made on the basis of a source [3]

Generally stores of waste of our area are presented by pedigree dumps of the coal and mining industry, tailings dams of concentrating factories, dumps of slags of nonferrous and ferrous metallurgy, of the enterprises of power system. At the present stage extent of use and recycling is very small, their absolutely small part is used in production. Though in the Karaganda region favorable prerequisites for development of ecobusiness in use of waste of local productions are created. Some waste is valuable raw materials (in some cases multicomponent) for receiving other final and intermediate products in this connection their public usefulness can change.

Weaklysustainable development of ecology is explained by that the area takes the II place in the republic on emissions, formation of waste is also great. High anthropogenous loadings in area are connected with prevalence of outdated, inefficient processing equipment therefore there are enormous losses of raw materials not only in the course of production, but also at a production stage. In a subsoil there is not less than a third of the extracted coal, a large amount of iron ore, losses of associated gas are great, the mountain weight taken from a subsoil is used approximately for 10%. It must be kept in mind that export goods of area are, generally raw materials and semi-finished products demand on which often fluctuates in the world markets that demands development of processing industries of economy.

The current ecological state of area, intensive use of not renewable mineral raw material resources and their not complex use call into question an inalienable right of all future generations to have the same opportunities for access to resources what existed at the previous generations.Though the fundamental principle of a sustainable development is the balance between current and future state of mankind with preservation of vital resources of the nature for descendants. Therefore, long-term prospects of development of the Karaganda region are connected with the solution of environmental issues.

LIST OF LITERATURE

1. Agenda of 21 centuries. The report of a conference of the OUN on environment to development - Rio de Janeiro, on June 3-4, 1992

2. The concept of transition of RK to a sustainable development on 2007-2024

3. Statistical collection "Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development of Kazakhstan 2008-2012" - Agency of RK, Astana, 2013

4. Strategy of territorial development of the Karaganda region to 2015yeara. Karaganda, 2007