Pedagogical sciences / 3. Theoretical and methodological problems of language research

Investigator Deryabina A.A.

"Chernivtsi Law College of the National University" Odessa Law Academy "

Chernivtsi, Ukraine

The use of competitive lexical forms

in the professional language of law

The language of law - is a holistic communicative-branch subsystem of literary language with a certain set of characteristic linguistic and structural-genre features, due to the specifics of the legal sphere and the communicative and professional needs in it [1, p. 24]. As an extremely important and socially significant sphere of linguistic communication that provides normative and legal regulation of the activity of the constituency, the language of law increasingly attracts the attention of scientists and practitioners from various branches of knowledge (linguists, lawyers, historians, terminologists, lexicographers , Editors, experts, programmers ets. As you know, language has the ability to be a source of power. (K.Azhesh, A.N. Baranov, RM Blakar, D. Bollinger, R.M. Weinrich, P.B. Parshin and others) and create conflicts(N.D Golev, N.V. Muraveva, P. Ricker, VS Tretyakov). These are the qualities of language that determine its existence as an object of legal regulation. Undoubtedly, "among all social entities, the language offers the least opportunities for the manifestation of the initiative"[2, p. 106-107], However, the relation of power, legal presumption, gives the language its specificity, thus giving rise to qualitative processes in the language itself. Such processes include, among other things, the competition of terminology and composites in the professional language of law, which was still beyond the attention of researchers.

The object of our research is the term combinations and composites of the professional legal language used in the conclusion of legal laws, acts, in the conduct of litigation.

The subject of the study is the competition processes of the noun-adjective variational term combinations and the coomposites formed on their basis in the German professional law. The aim of the work is to determine the peculiarities of the use of competitive lexical forms in different legal literary genres.

The material of the study is a continuous selection of noun-adjective terminology and composites drawn from the German Civil Code [3], individual court sentences at the state and federal levels [4], as well as commentaries on the German Civil Code [7]. The elementary structure of the model "adjective + noun" is represented by terms such as: rechtlicher Grund "Legal basis" treuhände¬risches Rechtsgeschäft "Trust trust management agreement", schädigendes Ereignis "Harmful event", wucherisches Rechtsgeschäft, "Usury agreement". The expanded structure has the following terms:

• [Pronoun + Adjective] + noun: die im Verkehr erforderliche Sorgfalt, "The duty to conduct the matter with due diligence”, der Gattung nach bestimmte Sache "Generic thing".

• [Adjective / adverb + adjective] + noun: beschränktes dingliches Recht "Limited real right", beschränkte persönliche Dienstbarkeit "Owner burdened with his own servitude", sittenwidrige vorsätzliche Schädigung "Immoral intentional harm". These term combinations can be converted into composites, while there is a structural change in expression, which leads to the formation of a composite with the same root morphemes, such as: rechtlicher Grund → Rechtsgrund"Legal basis"; treuhänderisches Rechtsgeschäft → Treuhandrechtsgeschäft / Treuhand¬geschäft"Trust trust management agreement"; wucherisches Rechtsgeschäft → Wucher¬geschäft"Usurious agreement"; schädigendes Ereignis → Schadensereignis"An event that has harmed"; die im Verkehr erforderliche Sorgfalt → die verkehrserforderliche Sorgfalt –"The duty to conduct a fair deal of good faith".

In the examples above, it is clearly seen that this is a change not only at the level of syntax, since changes undergo part of the morphological structure of the entire phrase. Contradiction of complex words and terminology can be found in the commonly used language, where between phrases and complex words, "there are more or less expressed equivalence" [5, p. 10]. V. Fleischer, who, by the phrase, understands the free syntactic combination of words, emphasized that the adjective of the word corresponds to the defining word in a complicated word.

Univerbaticism (phrasal transformation into a complex word) is accompanied by certain morphological and lexical modifications in the nouns of the complex word. So in the composite Rechtsgeschäft "Legal agreement" You can omit the meaning of the word Recht-. A similar phenomenon is observed in many complex words and phrases with this component, for example: Rechtsabteilung, Rechtsakt, Rechtsangelegenheit, Rechtsanspruch, Rechtsanwalt, Rechtsausschuss, Rechtsbefugnis, Rechtsbegehren, Rechtsbeistand, Rechtsbelehrung, Rechtsberater, Rechtsbeugung, Rechtsbruch, Rechtseinheit, Rechtseinwand, Rechts-expert Etc., a total of 315 composites. This can be explained by the fact that the element Recht- becomes superfluous, since the value of the newly formed unity is determined by the words surrounding it. Such modifications of lexemes correspond to the so-called method of reduction, in the application of which the situational or linguistic context ensures that the listener will understand the token in its target value [8, p. 928]. This reduction occurs within one text, so we can say that there is an anaphorical weakening in the treatment of W. Wilden [9, p. 240].

In the language of law, additional understanding of lexemes without a meaningful word provides special knowledge. So, as in the term Willenserklärung "The right to a will," during which the component often falls Willen-, An experienced lawyer and even a start-up lawyer should know exactly what declaration – Erklärung is meant. Despite this it should be noted that not every deal – Geschäft In the legal context can be identified with the corresponding professional complex word. With the replacement test, you can determine whether both constructs are equivalent and can be interchangeable in any context, Kennt der Empfänger den Mangel des rechtlichen Grundes [§ 819] → Kennt der Empfänger den Mangel des Rechtsgrundes"If the addressee knows about the lack of legal grounds". When considering the competitive lexical forms of the term ↔, the complex word attracts the attention of the specifics of the types of texts found in the Civil Code of Germany. The German Civil Code, when choosing between noun-adjective terminology and the compound word, prefers termcombinations(die im Verkehr erforderliche Sorgfalt "The duty to deal with an appropriate measure of good faith"), Or the use of a complex word, but only in certain forms and designs(der Rechtsgrund " Legal basis as a subject " or termcombination aus einem anderen Rechtsgrund"On a different legal basis"), example: Solange der Empf[änger] den Mangel des rechtl[ichen] Gr[un]des nicht kannte"While the recipient was not aware of the lack of legal grounds".

In the texts we examine sentences are used alternately and term-compounds, and complex words, for example, die Nichterweislichkeit des fehlenden Rechts¬grundes / das Fehlen eines Rechtsgrundes"Failure to prove legal grounds / lack of legal grounds". As for the types of texts typical for preferential use of composites is unlike terminological here there are other types of texts. As the text of the law with regard to its regulatory function is straightforward and explicit, the two lexical forms of competitive advantage provides the use of analytical form. In the comments, for example, in the Comments on the Civil Code of Germany [7], are used predominantly complex words. In such types of text as a dictionary and textbooks, the use of terminology or composites is regulated by a professional context: if the meaning of the paragraph and its main concepts is explained or links to other sources of law are explained, terminology will be used. Undoubtedly, this is due to the function of the types of texts in the professional vocabulary and textbook: to refer to a specific topic and / or to define professional concepts. If the term is used in some other way (for example, a list of requirements, actions, objects), then either a term or complex word is used; It is impossible to trace an unambiguous trend, if we do not take into account the individual style of authors. Thus, the legal dictionary of K. Krieffelds [6], on the one hand, is explicit (§-citations), on the other hand, demonstrates linguistic economy.

Results of the study indicate that the competitive use of terminological and composites depends on the type of legal text and due to its functional load. Perspective is the study of the processes of competition of terminology and composites in other types of professional texts, which will allow to trace the relationship between types of texts and their lexical content.

Literature:

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