Медицина/3. Организация здравоохранения
Master of Public Health A.S. Nurbayev
Kazakhstan
school of public health
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OBJECTIVES
IN
THE ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Intensive environmental contamination and its influence on health
of the population is one of the global problems for number of regions of
Kazakhstan in present. These regions declared as zones of ecological disaster.
The modern hygienic science develops and offers more adequate
concepts, which reflect complexities of interaction of an organism and
environment. These concepts are real exposure, maximal allowable concentration,
an allowable daily doze, etc. An estimation of a degree of intensity of the
limited set of the protective mechanisms available at the person is setting on
the basis of such approach. On the basis of the estimation is possible to
receive a general characteristic of a set of factors influence on an organism
(G.I. Sidorenko and auth.), including an intensity of
harmful influence.
However the traditional way of research studies on a problem is
based on prevalence in the analysis and determination of one-dimensional ethiopathogenic interactions in cause - effect
system, that not always allows giving an adequate risk and/or danger
assessment.
In connection with told, it is more reasonable to collect and
analyze data not only on the state of environmental hygiene, but also about
environment influence on health of the population. The similar combination of
materials and results allows giving complete hygienic assessment of a research
object, to estimate a state of an environment and to develop strategy and
tactics of risk management in real conditions of this or that region. Therefore
the modern approach to hygienic studies provides carrying out of focused epidemiological
researches among the population or its basic groups in a combination with
determination of quality of an environment.
Such methodology of research studies is approved in Aral region. In particular, with the goal of the
characteristic of the state of an environment there were determined heavy
metals, pesticides, polychlorinebyphenils and
other pollutants in atmospheric air, ground, water, plants, food stuffs,
biosubstrata of animals in Aral region. The concentrations of these chemicals
were investigated in biological tissues and liquids of people for an estimation
of an environment influence on the population health of region. The general
assessment of a degree of actually existing inhabitancy danger is given in
result. Real exposure by the main from researched toxicants is determined and the dependence of reproductive function of women
differentiated on factors and congenital developmental anomalies at children
from a condition of an environment is established.
Influence of the contaminated drinking water on growth of chronic esophagitis disease is proved and accumulation of toxic
heavy metals and chlorine organic pesticides in
biosubstrata (blood, saliva, gastric juice, urine, hair, bilious stones) is
revealed.
The received results show the necessity of development of hygienic
monitoring systems and real models of environment and its separate factors
influence on an organism of people in conditions of concrete regions with use
of modern approaches to epidemiological studies. It allows to obtain the data
for a scientific proof of environment management, to define an actual state of
health of the large groups of the population, to predict and to operate it, to
optimize systems of public health services.
The following principles should be taken into account at carrying
out of work:
- Studying a state
of various objects of an environment on the basis of the complex approach;
- The description of
social and economic features of investigated region;
- Studying influence
on health of the person and/or a population of the revealed hazards of an
environment;
- Carrying out of
research studies in relative limited territories characterized by general on
structure and intensity in parameters of harmful factors of an environment and climatic conditions;
- An assessment of
quality of an environment by the revealed features of its influence.
Thus, for researches on
hygiene problems now there is not enough establishments of hygienic
specifications for separate factors of environment and the control over observance
of such specifications in connection with complexity and dynamism of elements
of an environment. Speech should go about necessity of risk assessment and risk
management that demands development and realization of special programs.
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