Растениеводство, селекция и семеноводство.

Tokhetova Laura

Kazakh Research institute of rice

Barley improvement program activities in soil saline condition of the rice system of Kazakhstan

In that time, in Kyzylorda areas from 278 thousand/hectares of the irrigated grounds 104 thousand/hectares are in the unsatisfactory condition, the saline and boggy 28 thousand/ hectares, with faulty systems 37 thousand/ hectares, have not used 58,5 thousand/ hectares, or over 20 % areas of the engineering-prepared grounds.

The maintenance humus in soil of rice system for last 30 years has decreased on 30-40 % and makes less than 1%. There is saline and dry up processes of soil, especially in deltoid part of the river of Syr-Darya. Water with mineralization 3 g/л is considered mild salted and already noticeably affects productivity of many cultures, and at 5 g/л it is considered strongly salted and practically cannot be used for irrigation.

The major factors promoting development of saline are: absence or poor drainage; receipt of salts with irrigating water; breaches regime of irrigation and cultivating technology of the soil; excess of evaporation from subsoil waters above precipitations and submission of irrigation water.

Purpose of researches: To create new cultivars of barley tolerant to saline and drought condition on the basis of selection-genetic studying under Kazakhstan Pry-Aral conditions, competing with cultivars of foreign selection on productivity, quality of grain, adaptability to extreme conditions, to develop methods of selection an initial material, to define the main criteria of selection resistant forms on the initial stages of ontogenesis.

Research problems:

Ø Formation of testing nurseries of barley in consecutive parts of selection process:

· Collection nursery (1100 samples);

· Nursery of hybridization (40-45 hybrids);

· Selection nursery of 1-st year (50-55);

· Selection nursery of 2-nd year (70-75);

· Control nursery (14-18);

· Nursery competitive testing 1-st year (16):

· Nursery competitive testing 2-nd year (4-6).

Ø Carrying out of hybridization under the returnable crossings (A х В1-6) and top cross method;

Ø Carrying out complex estimation samples of barley from Syria (ICARDA), Iran, Czech, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and creation a working collection for use in practical selection;

Ø By laboratory and direct field methods to define the main criteria of selection resistant forms of barley;

Ø To study types of inheritance, heritability of quantitative traits of barley, combinational and specific value of cultivars in top crossings with purpose of revealing economic-valuable sources for selection on salt tolerance;

Ø By laboratory methods to evaluate tolerance of barley to saline and drought conditions;

Ø Creation new cultivars of barley, adaptive to extreme Pry-Aral conditions.

Due to increasing salinity problems in many countries around the world, breeding for salinity needs more attention. The collection nursery should be replenished constantly not only foreign samples, but also numbers of local selection. The combination in one genotype of productivity and stability to unfavorable factors of environment represents difficult problems which decision is impossible without deep understanding of physiological and genetic mechanisms of adaptation. Genetic resources, the use of efficient selection criteria would help breeders.

Therefore, estimation of collection material represents certain interest. In this study, about 1100 samples of barley on morphological and economic-valuable attributes with purpose of revealing genetic variety for use in practical selection were estimated.

As initial material for selection of barley tolerance to salt and drought conditions from collection material in comparison with standard Аsem (48-50сm) are allocated early genotypes with combination high efficiency and value of height plants more than 55 cm: 59/87-29; 93/80-35; 93/80-23; ДГ-26; 11/80-1; ДГ-2; (Kazakhstan); 5-144;; 5-115; 5-90; 5-9; 5-161 (Syria, ICARDA); Odessa 100; Kharkov 74 (Ukraine); Би-17; Би-41 (Iran), differed high field seeds, stability to late spring frosts and high positive temperatures (end of April) (table 1).

Table 1- Characteristic early genotypes of barley on complex traits

Samples	Country	Vegetative period, days	Plants height, cm	Uppermost internodes length, cm	Head length, cm	Number grains in head	Weight per 1000 kernels, g	Grain yield, g/m²	Protein contents, %
Асем, St		83	48,5	0	7,2	17,5	39,5	290,5	11.8
59/87-29	Kazakhstan	76	49,6	1,6	7,2	19,0	46,0	367,1	12.9
93/80-35	Kazakhstan	78	54,7	0,5	6,9	18,8	48,0	379,0	12.9
93/80-23	Kazakhstan	75	61,3	0,9	8,1	21,4	41,0	368,3	13.2
59/87-22	Kazakhstan	75	53,7	1,6	7,4	20,0	41,5	348,6	12.9
11/80-1	Kazakhstan	76	45,3	0,9	6,1	18,8	45,5	359,1	13.1
40/00-14	Kazakhstan	76	52,5	0,5	7,4	21,4	39,0	350,7	13.5
ДГ-2	Kazakhstan	76	59,0	3,6	6,2	19,8	38,0	315,8	14.1
5-9	Syria	65	48,5	1,5	7,5	19,8	42,5	353,2	14.2
5-144	Syria	70	59,6	0	7,6	22,2	42,0	391,4	13.9
5-115	Syria	68	50,9	2,8	4,1	39,0	36,0	589,7	13.8
5-161	Syria	68	51,0	1,0	6,9	18,4	47,0	363,3	14.2
5-75	Syria	68	60,2	1,8	6,9	18,4	38,0	295,4	14.5
5-90	Syria	70	69,6	1,2	7,9	20,6	39,0	337,3	14.5
Оdesski 100	Ukraine	78	61,2	1,0	7,9	20,9	42,5	373,1	12.8
Kharkovski 74	Ukraine	76	55,8	0,2	7,5	16,9	42,0	295,9	12.9
Kharkovski 73	Ukraine	76	50,1	0	7,6	19,0	40,0	319,2	12.9
520040	Turkey	72	47,3	0	7,8	19,0	45,0	359,1	13.0
27901	Russia	78	50,2	0	6,9	18,0	40,0	302,4	12.9
26056	Russia	78	56,8	1,6	6,8	17,8	41,0	306,2	12.9
Би-17	Iran	70	50,2	2,1	6,7	20,8	40,2	351,2	13.2
Би-41	Iran	70	52,6	0	7,1	22,6	39,0	370,1	13.5
НСР05								12,5 г/м²

Influence of additive genes in the genetic control of all analyzed attributes is essential; therefore for them it is possible to predict efficiency of selection and occurrence transgressive forms in early segregating populations, except for trait «weight of 1000 grains». Positive results of selection are possible of action, both additive, and no additive effects of genes at inheritance height of plants and duration of the vegetative period, as result segregating homozygous forms. Samples Би-17, 5-9 (ER/Apm//Cerise/3/Lignee131…), 5-90 (Pld10342//Cr.115/Por/…) and cultivar-tester Odessa 100, combining high Common and Specific combinational ability which can be recommended for obtaining of perspective combinations with the purpose of selection transgressive lines.

Have been allocated hybrid populations with high factor of heritability with intermediate type of inheritance. In such combinations where additive character interaction of genes is combined with average or high factor of heritability selection it is possible to spend in early generations: Би-16 х Odessa 100; Би-17 х Odessa 100; Би-17 х Donetsk 8; Би-16 х Сауле; 26/83 х Odessa 100; 5-75 (Arar/Legnee 527) х 137/80; 5-137 (Kv/Alger/Ceres 362-1-1/3/Arr) х Donetsk 8.

In selection nursery of 1-st year carry out an initial comparative estimation and selection of the best lines for translation to selection nursery of the second year. It is incorporated on 50 - 60 lines at 34 hybrid populations of barley by «heading method». In total 210 lines with complex positive attributes were selected.

In 2008 y. were transferred to State testing the new cultivar of summer barley «Syr Aruy», at most adapting to soil saline condition of the rice system in Kazakhstan.

Table 2 – Agronomic traits of new perspective cultivar of summer barley «Syr Aruy»

Cultivars	Vegetative period, days	Plants height, cm	Uppermost internodes length, cm	Head length, cm	Number grains in head	Weight per 1000 kernels, g	Grain yield, tonnes/ha	Protein contents, %
Asem, St	83	48,5	0	7,2	17,5	43,0	2,6	11,8
Syr Aruy	72	50,5	4,2	7,5	20,2	47,5	3,6	13,5

Ecology - economic efficiency of development

Selection new high productivity cultivars of barley tolerance to abiotical stresses, will allow to solve a number problems of ecology in Kyzylorda region: barley spends moisture more economically, does not require intensive predecessors, is culture tolerance to drought and saline condition. In the ecological plan its role as «phytosanitary» fields that to exclude application of herbicides and to receive reduced the price and ecologically clean production. Creation of high-quality cultivars of barley (protein content > 13 %) will allow to improve a forage reserve of stock-breeding industries in region. Will be generated the working collection for use in practical selection and genetic researches of culture with the purpose of updating and preservation of genofund of barley in republic.

In immediate prospects in rice system of the Kyzylorda area under crops of barley as integument culture of long-term grasses can be finished areas up to 10-15 thousand in hectares with economic benefit 20-25 thousand tenge/hectare.

Conclusions:

Cultivars of summer barley for cultivation in soil saline condition of rice irrigating system of the Kazakhstan should possess following attributes and properties:

Ø Tolerance to late spring frosts, the short vegetative period during which should generate productivity of grain not below 2,0 tonnes/hectares due to a natural moisture of soil after rice;

Ø Longer period from shoots up to heading. The beginning «heading stage» should coincide in due course submissions of irrigating water in rice checks;

Ø Plant height not below 60 cm and resistant to lodging as it basically cultivate as integumentary culture of long-term grasses;

Ø High field shoots 85-90 %, forming 450 -480 head on 1 m ²;

Ø From morphological attributes the plants of barley special interest is represented «Uppermost internodes length», with not below 2,0 cm;

Ø High resistance to fusarium root decay, characteristic for rice fields.