#Янчук Т.Ю.,Березовська О.В. Освітня міграція та її місце в структурі міграційних потоків

Tetyana Yanchuk, Olga Berezovska

National University of Food Technologies, Kyiv, Ukraine

Educational migration and its place in the structure of migration flow

Educational migration is becoming more and more popular all over the world. Young people from developing countries move to the developed countries to get education or to improve the qualification they got in their native country. Sometimes they pay for their study themselves, but sometimes they obtain educational grants. They are interested in getting additional knowledge and training and very often they don’t come back to their native countries.

We are going to revise all advantages, disadvantages and main features of educational migration and its influence on local and world economies.

Educational migration is temporary migration which lasts from several months to several years. Its aim is study or training outside the place of permanent living.

Despite the fact that educational migration is less scale than other migration flows, it plays the important role for those citizens who migrate and for those citizens who send them.

Educational migrants are considered to be the most desired category of migrants, as they are talented and motivated young people, who are ready to obtain knew knowledge and use new technologies. Also this category of foreign citizens gets education and qualification in the country of their stay and it simplifies their future adaptation for local labour market and guarantees their adaptation for language and cultural environment.

Harmonization of educational standards, availability of foreign educational programs and courses, cheapening of transport and communication costs, increasing population demands for educational services and increase the population needs to obtain knowledge and qualification abroad encourage the growth of number of students interested in training and study abroad or continuing their education in foreign countries.

Geography of educational migrants’ flows mainly depends on the cultural-linguistic factors and also the level of cooperation between the countries and their policy on educational services export. Intensive students’ migration within European region is caused by geographical location, openness the borders, agreements between universities, unification of educational standards and programs, developed practice of foreign training, provided grants and benefits for exchange students, and world-known educational centers in the European Union.

The main part of students goes to English-speaking countries, which is connected with the spread of English in different spheres of activity of global world and also to German and French speaking countries.

So globalization processes play the key role in the educational migration increase.

At the same time, sharp increase of the number of educational migrants has created conditions for the world educational market.

World countries consider education as a part of their foreign policy, which is aimed at the achievement of their geo-economic and geopolitical goals. The new branch of world economy has been created – the world market of educational services – with the annual sales of billions of US dollars and millions of consumers.

Today educational services trade plays an important role in the development of national economies and world economy in a whole. Financial indicators of world educational services are more than 100 bln US dollars, and 60 bln belongs to the international higher education services. Providing educational srvices as another kinds of services belong to the non- material sphere of production and have a great impact on the development of the whole economy and its parts.

Educational migration brings some economic benefits for the countries and also it is a source of highly-qualified specialists for the economy and some countries consider it to be the first step for labour immigration (mainly due to the representatives of deficit categories of experts).

Summary. Countries which receive foreign students get substantial economic benefits through getting fees for education and accommodation expenditures. They also get highly-qualified specialists and they spend less money for their training, because they don’t need to provide them with primary education and they also het social benefits if the students stay in the country where they studied, the demographic situation in the country is improved, multiculture of society is developed, which is very useful for these countries. More than that, educational migration improves openness and elasticity of educational system, which has a positive impact on the quality of education. Contacts between native and foreign students are very useful, because it enhances their knowledge. Countries, which send their citizens to other countries, lose the citizens on whose primary education they spent money. Also, taking into account that these students are creative and active, the country loses its potential, which is necessary for its development. This approach is simplified, but it allows reconsidering the question of educational migration as important for both sides.

References

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