Технические
науки/5. Энергетика
Sidelnikov Alexandr, Krasnyuk Anastassiya
Karaganda State Technical University, Karaganda,
Kazakhstan
Wind energy like innovative solutions of independent energy supply
Wind – is one
of the non-conventional sources of energy. Wind is considered by experts as one
of the most promising sources of energy that can replace not only the
traditional sources but also nuclear power.
Generation of
electricity from wind has a number of advantages:
- environmentally
friendly production with no harmful waste;
- save deficit
expensive fuels (conventional and nuclear power plants);
- availability;
- practically
inexhaustible.
In the near
future, the wind will be added soon, and not an alternative source of energy.
By foreign experts (particularly U.S.) sufficient competitiveness of wind
turbines as compared to traditional types of plants can be achieved by reducing
the value of multiplier is approximately two times and improving their
reliability in 3-5 times. Particular attention is paid to conduct these
activities improve the reliability of systems, their safety, noise reduction,
reduced noise of television and radio communications.
It is now
possible to allocate following these official use of wind energy:
• direct
production of mechanical or thermal energy;
• meeting
the energy needs of small businesses, companies, institutions, etc.
Denmark,
for instance, in 1994, there were approximately 3600 wind energy installations,
providing 3% of the total energy needs. In California (USA) operates 15,000
wind turbines that provide electricity to the city of San Francisco. At the end
of 1997 there were an estimated 20,000 wind turbines generating 3000 MW / h of
electricity per year. In the 80s the unit cost of wind turbines was $ 3,000 /
kW, and the cost of electricity generated over 20 cents / (kW / h).
In the future, by improving wind turbine unit
cost decreased to 1000-1200 USD / kW and the cost of electricity produced up to
7-9 cents / (kWh). For comparison, the new thermal power plants, gas-fired and
coal, it is 4-6 cents / (kWh). Many American and European companies, many
governments are successfully promoting wind technology, realizing its
significance. For example, in California in 1987, the installed capacity of
wind turbine was 13% relative to the total generating capacity, and in 1990 -
24%.
Currently,
the most widely produced wind turbines with capacity 300-750 kW, compared with
earlier capacity of 100kW wind turbines. In new construction of wind turbines
use an airfoil wind wheel, manufactured from synthetic materials. Saturated
design many electronic devices, including the monitoring of changes in wind
speed, ensuring efficient use of the wind. New designs are better suited to the
wind regime in 1994, the cost of electricity generated was already 4-5 cents /
(kWh).
In the
United States planned to use wind energy (except in California) in the states
of Minnesota, Montana, New York, Oregon, Texas, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin
and other wind turbines currently occupy 0.6% of the country. When you use the
wind in the 48 states can be produced up to 20% of U.S. energy needs.
Theoretical calculations show that in the three states of North and South
Dakota, and Texas electricity demand can be fully secured by the energy of the
wind.
In North
Germany the cost of electricity generated by wind turbines is 13 cents / (kW •
h). It was supposed to enter the 1995 wind turbines with a total capacity of
500 MW, and in the first half of 1994, the installed capacity was 95 MW wind
turbines.
In India,
the largest wind farm boom, supported by the government, began in early 1994 to
mid-1994 was entered into operation and 120 MW in the next 12 months should be
introduced to another 970 MW. As a result of this program in some regions of
India, the available generating capacity has increased tenfold.
In China,
New Zealand, Switzerland, Canada and Cuba officially launched the construction
of wind projects.
In the
Ukraine, with the help of American companies planned to construct wind turbines
with a total capacity of 500 MW.
Among the
countries that still have the ability to wind power development, it is
necessary to specify Argentina, Canada, China, Russia, Mexico, South America,
and Tunisia, where it is possible for wind energy to cover up to 20% of
electricity demand.
Finally,
20 small sub-tropical countries, where energy needs are met by expensive diesel
generator sets have the opportunity to develop the use of wind.
The
development of wind power as an energy source in some countries faced
opposition. On the one hand, wind farms occupy large areas. On the other hand,
there are problems associated with changes in the landscape during the
construction of wind turbines. The areas occupied by wind turbines can be used
for agricultural purposes. The cost of 1 ha of land, depending on the region
can be from 100 to 2500 dollars. or more. Experience suggests that the
requirement that aesthetics in most cases can be resolved.
Another
problem associated with the construction of wind turbines that emerged in 1994
was the potential loss of birds on their migration routes. Bird watchers point
out that some of the migration routes of birds pass through the area occupied
by wind turbines. In this connection there was a need to conduct research to
understand the nature and extent of the problem. Experts hope for its
successful solution.
Another
important problem is also the influence of the level of noise generated by the
installation and the impact of wind turbines on the radio system.
Another of
the problems with wind power is that the regions are favorable for wind energy
are removed from industrial centers, and the construction of new transmission
lines will require a significant investment of time and money. Thus, according
to the specialists transmission line for transmission capacity of 2000 MW by
2000 km, may be worth 1.5 billion dollars.
In the Soviet
Union, and then Russia, wind behind the leading capitalist countries, although
the geographical position of our country is most favorable for the use of this
type of renewable energy. This is especially true for the steppe regions of
Russia, to which the Republic of Buryatia.
The total
kinetic energy of the wind on the Earth is estimated to be of the order of 0,7x1021
J / 16 /. However, most of this energy is released over the oceans. However, as
already noted, over the plains, not forested, wind power is also quite high.
Also in such areas differ more wind-resistant, which is particularly important
for operation of wind turbines.
Literature:
1.
Shefter Y. The use of wind energy, 1983 /
Energoatomizdat/ 200p;
2. Gorodov R. Alternative and Renewable
Energy, 2009 /
Publishing House of the Tomsk/ 457p;
3. Tleulov H. Non-conventional Energy Sources, 2009 /
Folio/ 248p.