Экономические науки/6. Маркетинг и менеджмент

MEs, senior teacher Tashenova L.V.

Karaganda State University named after academician Y.A. Buketov,

Republic of Kazakhstan

Innovation systems in the developed countries

National innovation system can be considered as a system of exchange of technology, knowledge and information among people, enterprises and institutions; exchange, which is an essential condition for the development of innovative processes in the country. The participants of the innovation process, working, transform the idea into a technology, process, products and services and bringing them to market.

A system in which innovation should include a number of components to be used as efficiently as possible: an array of legislation governing all aspects of innovation; investment and financial block on the financial support of the innovation at every stage of the life cycle, especially for seed and start-up phases; state support in the form of special privileges and preferences for risky projects and programs, government contracts and procurement; information support of innovation, including the creation of updated database of projects; training on various aspects of innovation and technology management; the formation of the expert community, providing a variety of services in the field of technology and management; educational activity for the formation of innovation-oriented society.

Analysis of innovative infrastructure in various countries shows that a significant role in it belongs to the Technopolises.

Idea of the Technopolises is over half a century, but there is no universally accepted definition of the concept and its well-established classification. Moreover, to refer to the similar concepts of different terms are used in different countries: “Technopolis”, “Technopark”, “Technopol”, “Technological area”, “Research park” and “Science Park”.

The purpose of these structures is the same - to concentrate in one place all necessary infrastructure for the development of high-tech business (inventors, business consultants, financial institutions, etc.) and give young high-tech enterprises to collectively use this infrastructure on the most favorable terms.

In the modern understanding the “Technopolis” (from the Greek “techne” - the skill and the polis - city) - is a city and its surroundings, where organic unity deployed enterprise high-tech industries, research institutions, universities, preparing for the Technopolis science and engineering personnel, residential construction also with a corresponding modern industrial and social infrastructure.

As a result of the emergence and evolution of technology parks and technopolises the basic models were developed: the American, European and Japanese [1].

The American model of Technopolis is the project, whose main purpose is to rent high technology firms to the area, suitable for conducting scientific research and the creation of innovative experimental samples. In the structure of the first American technology parks do not take into account parameters such as the size of the enterprise, industry affiliation, the possible ways of development. All of these questions then faced by the organizers. The first American parks have been static in its development due to the lack of specially created conditions for the incubation of new innovative firms. This shortcoming tried to correct when creating technology parks in Europe, where the process began in the 1970s.

The European model is characterized by the following features: the presence of a complex of buildings, designed to accommodate small, newly created innovative companies that contribute to the rapid development of small and medium innovative enterprises; improved service system consisting of complex and simple service; the presence of several founders - a leading university or research center, whose contribution is to support the scientific park and the cooperation with them, as well as urban and (or) regional administration, providing land and infrastructure; the presence of areas or organization Development Agency, which provides grants and allocates the Science Park building, allowing organically and dynamically developing.

In Europe, the first technoparks were created in the less developed areas of countries to intensify their development and raise living standards.

The idea of building it technopolises, i.e. scientific and industrial cities, was originated in Japan in the early 1980s. Japanese model assumes an active state participation in the planning, financing and development of the Technopolis. According to the program “Technopolis”, is adopted for implementation in Japan in 1982, the planned construction of new urban areas and 19 in science, evenly distributed over the territory of the Japanese islands.

Japanese technopolises are not only of scientific orientation, although it is decisive, but also the production. Many of them appeared in the traditional sectors of the centers, which not only does not coagulate, but received an additional stimulus, creating around them a high technology: electronics manufacturing, software, robotics, and biotechnology, production of new materials and new energy sources, and so forth.

Technopolises constitutes the peculiar territorial of the high-tech zone. The core of their formation initially became universities, which should be considered as an infrastructure component of the technopolis, organizational embodies the personal factor of the innovation process. Around this component is typically concentrated industrial corporations, research units, laboratories, information and computer centers. It creates a common industrial and social infrastructure.

The study of foreign experience in the creation and development of Technopolis leads to the following conclusions.

The essence of the technopolis idea is primarily a transfer technology, i.e. maximum convergence of science and industry, the market development of high-tech products. The transfer process involves the rapid and effective implementation of research results into practice, in the embodiment of their high demand products that are produced in the Technopolis industrial firms.

The transfer activity is directly connected with the development of science-intensive industries, the introduction of the latest scientific advances, development of new product samples and increases the technological level of enterprises. It thus contributes to the formation of a qualitatively new economy, based on the existing high technology [2].

Functioning Technopolis makes it possible to use it for solving the actual problem of the reorganization of the education system - approximations it to the needs of modern high-tech sector. Many technopolises, having in its composition universities or in close contact with them, are preparing qualified directly for their research departments and firms.

Thus, technopolises act both as a form of integration of science and industry, and as a tool for integrated socio-economic development of the territory.

References:

1. www.economicarggu.ru/2011_1/orda.pdf

2. The challenge of FEZ in Central and Eastern Europe. UN, 1991. P.417.