Philosophy
Doctor
of Philosophy, professor Rakhmatullin R.Yu.
Bashkir
State Agricultural University, Russia
The principle of
determinism as the ideal of science
The article deals with the
principle of determinism. Substantiates its universal character. This article
contains criticism of the philosophy of constructivism. Search for causes is an
important feature of scientific research.
Key words: reason,
determinism, constructivism, probability.
Modern
science is guided by three basic principles in knowledge: the principle of
determinism, the correspondence principle and the principle of
complementarities. The principle of determinism has a long history, although it
has undergone at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
significant changes and additions to its interpretation. The principles of
complementarity and compliance were formulated at the turn of the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries. in connection with the development of new directions
in physics – the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, etc., and that, among
other factors, led to escalation of classical science XVIII-XIX centuries. in
modern science [1].
Determinism
– the doctrine of universal conditionality objective phenomena. The basis of
this view of the world is a universal relationship of all phenomena, which, on
the one hand, is a manifestation of the unity of the world and the way of its
implementation, and on the other – a consequence and a prerequisite for the
development of a universal character. The existence of a general universal
relationship of all phenomena and is the starting premise of the principle of
determinism [2; 3]. Determinism is the general doctrine that recognizes the
existence of a universal relationship and denying the existence of any
phenomena and things outside of this universal relationship. However, the
content of the principle of determinism is not limited to this.
The
principle of determinism, as a general scientific and organizes knowledge in
the construction of concrete sciences. Determinism acts primarily in the form
of causality as a set of circumstances that precede in time an event and call
it, that is, there is a connection between the phenomena and processes as a
single phenomenon, a process (cause), under certain conditions with the
necessity breeds, produces another phenomenon process (consequence).
Ontological basis of the principle of determinism is the practical activity of
man [4].
The
disadvantage of classical determinism was that it was limited to a single efficient
cause, interpreted purely mechanistic: the objective nature of chance was denied,
due probabilistic determinism displayed outside and opposed to the material determination
of phenomena. Classic determinism does not take into account the fact that the
causes are always a few, and does not take into account the effect of other
factors is incomplete knowledge of the study [5, р. 4-5].
Modern
understanding of the principle of determinism implies the existence of various
forms of objectively existing relationship phenomena, many of which are expressed
as a ratio, with no direct causal nature, that is not explicitly contain the time
of generation of one another. These include spatial and temporal correlation,
etc. functional dependencies Including modern science, as opposed to the
determinism of classical science, particularly important are the uncertainty
relation formulated in terms of statistical laws, or the ratio of fuzzy sets,
or the ratio of interval values.
The
important question of philosophical determinism is the issue of the cognitive
status of the accident categories. The problem is as follows. If we take the
principle of causality, and the casual relationships should be regarded as
causation. Consequently, the accident also needed and objective opposition
between necessity and chance does not make sense. Ultimately it leads to
fatalism, which is known in religious philosophy as a problem of
predestination. In our opinion, the
reason is always there, but people are not able to know all the reasons. And
that was unexpected due to his ignorance of the reasons people are treated as
an accident. The problems of cognition of objective reasons gave rise to the
philosophy of the concept of constructivism, whose supporters (Kant, Hume et
al.) Had a causal relationship in the sphere of consciousness, offering to
consider it as a following of some mental processes (thoughts, images,
feelings) of the other [6].
Different
concepts of determinism a central place occupied by the category of necessity
and chance. Necessity – is what follows from the very nature of material
systems, processes, and events that must take place in the main just so and not
otherwise. Accident - what is the basis and the reason is not primarily in
itself, and the other that does not derive from the major connections and
relationships, but from the side that may or may not be.
References
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Исследования по общей теории систем. М.: Прогресс,
1969. 520 с.
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С. 211-213.
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(106). С. 985-987.
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конструктивизма в европейской философии // Исторические, философские, политические
и юридические науки, культурология и искусствоведение. Вопросы теории и
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