Экономические науки/14 Экономическая теория

Smirnova T.L.

Seversk Technological Institute of the National Research Nuclear University «MEPhI»;Russia

The human capital and globalization process in national economy

International economics is on the way of a new stage of historical development. The period of active human changes in the environment is almost through and we are facing the increasing role of technologies in human changes and all the other associated with it social and economic relationships. The term “globalization” is comprehensive and it characterizes the process of joining up in the form of interpenetration of national social and economic systems, and the formation of the united world economic place. The process of globalization is going on simultaneously in economic, social and political, cultural, ecological and other spheres of life of the world community.

It has versatile aspects, and the most important of them are geopolitical, economic, ethic, humanistic and psychological. At present there are several scientific approaches to the definition of “globalization”. The Russian economist M. Delyagin considers that globalization is a process of the united military and political, financial and economic, and informational society operating by means of only high tech and computer technologies (Delyagin, 2001). This united social and economic place has quite distinct and narrow boundaries. In the opinion of a number of economists and experts from the point of view of technological progress globalization determines the brand new stage of the modern civilization development and has a relatively closed character caused by the concentration of intellectual resources and high technologies in a few countries, leaders of globalization.

Globalization is a complex social and economic phenomenon which requires deep and special scientific approach in researches of political scientists, economists, sociologists and international relation experts. Globalization creates possibilities for interdisciplinary theoretical research and makes it necessary to look for the ways to overcome the new economic externals with which the economic institutes of different countries including developing ones have come across for the recent time. Challenges caused by globalization have influenced all the participants of the world economy, with countries-outsiders being most sensitive and vulnerable.

Globalization is a fast process of creating the new forms and contents of economic relations on the basis of usage of international financial system, the united informational and technological place and transnational corporations’ development. The leading role in the development of economic relations and specialization of countries in the world economy is played by technological clusters which integrate the new technologies like nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, nuclear, informational, electronic and cognitive ones.

The civilizations’ development is characterized by evolutional, developing by stages historical process. In the XX century it obtained the social and economic tendency since the role of human factor quality in the model of economic development of countries has been increasing. Changes in the role of high technologies as well as the rate and forms of information distribution bring us to the understanding that finances as a resource of competitiveness of transnational corporations and other countries in the international economy are losing its importance and significance. Accumulating the financial capital or its transition by means of the controlled financial streams becomes secondary referring to the formation of progressive research ideas, management of innovative business activity, creation, transition and use of high technologies in sphere of industry and service making.

Formation and development of high technologies in the national economy is impossible without development of science and technical potential, as well as highly qualified specialists who are able to manage the innovation process in various spheres of economy (World Trade and Development Report 2007). It is necessary to have the interaction of definite institutions and economical techniques providing informational and innovation effective coordination of economical processes. Creating the new high technologies by the leading countries has a form of innovational monopoly in the global economy. In the modern world there is the forming polarized model of development with a restricted amount of globalization centers. The number of countries which do not actively partake in the globalization process is gradually increasing. Some countries in the international economy expand monopolization of development process, making new scientific ideas and high technologies, while the others obtain the raw materials tendency and become consumers of advanced scientific goods and services. The key moment of the international economic competition becomes the factor of innovation technological leadership and differential models of training highly qualified specialists.

Modern researchers of globalization processes reveal the outside attributes and their origin. The globalization processes have essential difference from integration and other adjacent and accompanying processes. Beginning from 1990th the leading role in the globalization processes and economical development of countries has been played by computer and Internet technologies. One of the bright attributes of globalization processes and elements of the Internet community development were the results of the international financial crises of 1998-1999 and 2008-2009 which indicated the decreasing and slowing down of the economic development rate, reduction of consuming capacity and that of national markets, increasing of unemployment and social instability, destruction of national banking systems, devaluation of national currency, necessity to stimulate stability of regional economy and to develop reserve regional currency systems (Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009:Year-end Update).

Globalization processes change the nature and structure of international and national economies; they exert influence on the quality of human resources, instruments of work, and social development process, changing the interaction between labor force and capital. The informational and Internet technologies have changed significantly the nature of business and professional economical, social economical and personal communicative competence of specialists. In the conditions of globalization development the main result of the social manufacture becomes not the consumers’ goods and services but specialists with the required competences who can successfully fulfill the tasks on the labor force market. Educational processes and innovational programs for training specialists are used as an active instrument to form the required competences of the labor force for the new level of economic and strategic development of a country’s development (Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009).

A specified feature of the current stage of globalization process development is possibility to use high technologies for changing the environment. In the conditions of globalization all countries have different possibilities of access and creation of new technologies, which provide decreasing of wastes, growth of work effectiveness and quality of life. Countries without opportunity to renovate their technological base of national economic structure lose their competitiveness and become outsiders in the international economy.

In the international economy the transfer of technologies has essential restrictions which are shown on the level of labor force formation and social standards of its providing. Countries with underdeveloped system of education and proper techniques of innovational training the specialists come across difficulties to support innovation enterprises. These prerequisites amplify the technological gap between the countries in the international economy (South Asia Development and Cooperation Report 2008). Strategic development of national economy in the conditions of globalization implies the formation of system for preserving and development of national innovation potential. The contradiction of globalization is revealed in uneven distribution of nature resources, financial resources, and deterioration of life quality in the developing countries along with the fast rate of population growth. There appears the interest balance collision between private and state interests in the international economy.

International cooperation and integration are used as an effective instrument for stimulating national competitiveness. National economic policy of the speeded up innovation development is an instrument of amplifying the positive and effects and smoothing the negative shocks, associated with globalization. The effectiveness of national economic development policy depends on the degree of resources concentration and proper use of management mechanisms for solving the tasks of development, dynamics and directions of the national financial system development.

The researches on globalization are expanding due to the disclosure of new fundamental and qualitative changes in social, political and economic processes of national economies. Globalization leads to the smoothing of national boundaries of the states that become more open to the capital, goods, services and labor force transfer. Economic place is being formed according to the net principle. It implies the dispersal of manufacture, educational, scientific and financial structures. Basic factors influencing the development of areas specialization are infrastructural component, informational technologies, intellectual resources, communications and telecommunications, and centers for knowledge reproduction. The main tendency of the corporative business globalization is search for the most effective ways of joining up the economic subjects.

References:

1 Delyagin M. “Russia in Condition Globalization” Not Depended Newspaper, 06 (62) (2001) http://scenario.ng.ru/interview/2001-04-11/1_russia.html, in Russian.

2 World Trade and Development Report 2007. Building a Development-Friendly World Trading System. (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, Institute Research and Information System for Developing Countries, 2007), P. 65-71.

3 Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009. Addressing Triple Threats to Development (New York: United Nations, 2009), P. 19-29, 143-150.

4 South Asia Development and Cooperation Report 2008. (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, Institute Research and Information System for Developing Countries, 2008), P. 137-150.