Экономические науки/15.Государственное регулирование экономики

К.э.н. Соловьёва Ю.В.

Российский университет дружбы народов, Россия

Features of formation of the Russian technopark structures

Due to the dynamic development of high-tech industries of science and business the increasing value is gained by innovative and technological structures. Today for them there is no uniform definition or model, and in the different countries (in the presence of the minimum set of requirements and standards) there are equivalent concepts, such as "technological park", "technopol", "a technological area", "research park", "science park". So, in the USA the term "research park", in Europe – "science park" is mainly used. In Russia the concept "science and technology park" or ''technopark'' is more often applied.

Formation of the first technopark structures in Russia began at the end the 1980-h-beginning of the 1990th years. Their most part was organized at the higher school. These science and technology parks had no developed infrastructure, the real estate, the prepared teams of managers. They were, as a rule, created as structural division of higher education institution (faculty) and weren't really operating organizations creating and supporting the small innovative enterprises. In some cases science and technology parks were formed in the form of joint stock company which gave the chance to exercise flexible control at relative independence of the basic organization

The first Russian science and technology park (Tomsk scientific and technological park) was created in 1990 as association from 100%-y by state ownership. His founders were the State Committee on Education of the USSR, Ministry of the higher and secondary vocational education, power structures of the Tomsk region, leading higher education institutions of the city, Tomsk Scientific Centre SB AS USSR and large industrial enterprises.

In the same 1990 on passing in Tomsk the first for Russia the international seminar on science and technology parks made the decision on establishment of association of the scientific and technological parks created on the basis of higher educational institutions – Technopark associations. The created Association united 27 science and technology parks and 65 incubators of innovative business. Since 1993. The Technopark association together with scientific park of University of Warwick (Great Britain) carried out the international project on preparation of teams of managers and consultants for science and technology parks. At the end of 1995 the same organization together with Association of university scientific parks of the USA and Canada realized the project of training of experts for science and technology parks of Russia and the CIS financed by the American fund "Eurasia".

Today in Russia 56 science and technology parks function. Some already passed the period of formation and successfully work, are recognized as the international experts (for example, a technopolis Zelenograd in Sverdlovsk region, science and technology parks in Ufa and Tomsk, International center of development of science and technologies ''Dubna).

In these structures 900 innovative firms and 150 small serving firms function, over 7 thousand new workplaces are created. The mechanism of the state support of science and technology parks is presented in Figure 1.

In the late nineties - the beginning of the 2000th years with participation of the Ministry of Industry and Science of Russia the network of the innovative and technological centers (ITC) which on solved tasks in many respects are crossed with science and technology parks started being created. The main feature of ITCs consists that it inherently is structure of support of the created small innovative enterprises which have already passed the most difficult stage of creation, formation and a survival in an initial stage of the activity when perishes to 90% of the small innovative enterprises. For this reason science and technology parks were created mainly at higher education institutions and carried out a problem of incubation of small firms, and ITCs were urged to provide more stable relations of small business with the industry, had to be created at the enterprises or scientific-industrial complexes.

Fig. 1. Mechanism of the state support of science and technology parks

In practice about 45% of ITCs were created at higher education institutions, is frequent - on the basis of already operating science and technology parks so two of this types of infrastructure substantially intertwined and were to some extent duplicating. The conglomerates uniting at once some types of infrastructure (for example, National Research University of Electronic Technology ''MIET'') were in certain cases created. Today in Russia works 52 ITCs in which more than 1000 small firms work. However it isn't enough of it for the Russian scales (for example, in Germany works over 300 structures similar on the functions to domestic ITCs).

Now the number of the small enterprises being in ITTs and science and technology parks, significantly doesn't change. Demand for hi-tech products remains within the country low. The industrial enterprises interested in implementation of innovative activity, prefer to buy new technologies abroad where is on sale not only a new product, but also its aftersales service is provided. The majority of domestic-owned small firms isn't able to offer similar services yet.