Marina A. Zakharishcheva,

PhD, professor,

Glazov State Pedagogical Institute;

Natalia P. Khvataeva,

PhD, associate professor,

Glazov Engineering and Economics Institute

V.A. SUЛHOMLINSKY's PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY

IN DAYS OF THE WORLD WAR II IN THE SETTLEMENT OF

UVA, UDMURT REPUBLIC

All researchers of school and pedagogics history of the Soviet period know well that V.A. Sukhomlinsky after a severe wound in fights of the Great Patriotic War was treated and passed the rehabilitation period in the settlement Uva, Udmurt Republic. V.A. Sukhomlinsky himself mentions it in the autobiography: "In February, 1942 I was seriously injured and till June 17, 1942 was on treatment in hospital. From June 17, 1942 to March 29, 1944 I worked as the director of Uva high school of the Udmurt ASSR. In February, 1943 I was accepted in members of CPSU" [1].

These lines caused different relation: in the native land within two dashing military years the uncommon teacher, young at that time, lived and worked – why this stage of formation of its pedagogical destiny wasn't described, didn't cause interest among fellow countrymen, inhabitants of the modern Udmurt Republic, wasn't shown to the scientific and pedagogical public. Could happen so that the documentary evidence of V.A. Sukhomlinsky's work in the Udmurt earth didn't remain, the time was difficult. The research leaded to the Central State Archive of Udmurt Republic and was crowned with some success, it was succeeded to study the report of Uva high school in 1942-43 academic year.

Besides, it appeared that in the settlement Uva V.A. Sukhomlinsky's memorial room museum is open. Teachers of school No. 2 created a school museum and together with pupils conduct search work, participate in republican competitions, have become real experts and popular writers of V.A. Sukhomlinsky's creativity in the republic. The Book of Orders is stored in a school museum in Uva high school where there were the records made a hand of the director V.A. Sukhomlinsky.

Let's present, first of all, what was that school where the young teacher V.A. Sukhomlinsky appeared by chance. The settlement Uva in the west of Udmurtia and today a small settlement, the inhabitants are generally occupied with agricultural work and processing of agricultural production. By the beginning 1942-43 academic year the Uva high school had 34 classes with total number of pupils 1044 persons. It had 10 class-rooms, the school was engaged in 3 changes. The beginning of occupations was at 8.00 am, the termination at 7.15 pm. In winter time due to the lack of light 35 lessons were broken. Apparently, in the years of the War in similar conditions all scools worked in those regions of the country which were far from military operations and therefore accepted not only "native", but also the evacuated children. Thus in the settlement Uva Russians, Udmurts, Tatars traditionally lived and live nowdays. In military years at school the Russian, Udmurt and Tatar classes worked. On memoirs of eyewitnesses, at Uva school children of different nationalities – Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Jews, Roman studied also.

Children of wartime didn't have a good health. In May, 1943 there was the general survey of pupils of 5-10 classes in Uva school. In the conclusion of the doctor it was specified that from pupils of 5-10 classes the patients with anemia – 38 persons, heart disease – 17, other diseases - 21 persons. During the winter of 1942-43 there were 112 cases of catarrhal diseases.

Besides, there was a sharp problem of pupils' elimination. 14 persons left with a long illness or death. 19 pupils left studies due to the lack of footwear and clothes, 37 persons went to work for the enterprises and establishments. That was the real conditions of activity in usual rural school during military years.

The first order of director V.A. Sukhomlinsky in August 24, 1942 was caused by care of pupils. He addressed to all elementary school teachers with the requirement not simply to make lists of pupils of the classes, but also personally get acquainted with each pupil, to tell everyone about time of the studies beginning, and obligatory to found out how they were provided with footwear and clothes.

At the initiative of the new director watch of teachers of school was organized. Duty teachers were obliged to give the closest attention to an order and purity in class-rooms and other premises of school. At studies in three changes and poor health of children it was just necessary. V.A. Sukhomlinsky, as the head of the school, was necessary to be both strict, and categorical. The questions of classes' sanitary condition were constantly on his personal control. "Despite the numerous preventions, some teachers don't pay attention to a sanitary condition of classes. It is a lot of garbage, pieces of paper, tear paper, crumble chalk, spill ink. I warn class teachers that in case the similar facts repeats measures of an administrative penalty will be taken", "to establish that duting teacher shouldn't leave anywhere. In case of violation of this order the cases of violations to be brought to trial on the basis of the law on absence from work and on truancies" - the director was compelled to write down in the Book of Orders again and again. It was impossible to hide from his attention even "different indecent inscriptions" which appear from time to time on walls and school doors. From texts of orders it is evident that responsibility for the school order at V.A. Sukhomlinsky considered as common case of the whole pedagogical collective.

By the beginning of the academic year at school there were 32 teachers, by the end of the year there were 29 teachers. 4 persons had the higher education, 7 persons had incomplete higher education, 17 - an average education.

The pedagogical staff of Uva high school was rather strong, the majority of teachers had the long standing and experience of practical work. As good masters of pedagogical process were considered teacher A.V. Khlebnikova, L.A. Borodkin, S.K. Zhdanovich, M.K. Sementovskaya, K.S. Kropotina, E.A. Ryazanova, N.I. Nesmelova.

The strong versatile knowledge connected to long-term experience, daily communication with the present and with pedagogical science, searches of new work methods – all this yielded visible results of these teachers' work. Skilled teachers daily helped the young companions. Uva high school young teachers also coped with their work well, using free time for increase the qualification and the general cultural level. What are the bases for those optimistical statements? In the considered report not only quantitative results of pupils' successes were yielded, but also successful experience of certain teachers is analysed.

The material of state programs in all classes and in all subjects was studied completely. The best teachers of school formed and developed skills of practical work in the course of training. According to the order of the principal it was entrusted to teacher V.A. Sukhomlinskyto lead Russian and literature lessons at 8-10 and history in 10 classes, only 14 hours per week.

Teachers themselves with the pupils' help produced visual aids. Mnemic methods, rythming of the rules, a word-play and comparison were applied. A competition method at repetition and studying a new material was applied widely. (Teacher A.V. Hlebnikova)

Individual written works for each pupil were practised. It was simple tasks or examples, but they raised interest as each pupil had separate tasks. (Teacher T.N. Holkina)

Ability to work with a microscope, ability to do sketches of an external and internal structure of plants and animals imparted. Pupils filled up school collections of insects (Teacher N.P. Borodkina)

Successfully passed practical works on geography – school students learned to draw independent maps, in the course of practical work in detail got acquainted with a relief, an environment, minerals. (Teacher G.N. Chernyavsky)

Military subjects were taught by the teacher I.G. Basov. However, "to oblige pupils 5, 6, 7 classes 1925 and 1926 birth year to visit military occupations without fail" the principal was compelled. The same order No. 133 of October 8, 1942, having found out that the part of pupils wasn't on military occupations, V.A. Sukhomlinsky warns, "that for absence on military occupations pupils 8, 9, 10 classes will be transferred to court and to be expelled from school". Equal lines of the text of the order hided in this case internal fight of the veteran Sukhomlinsky and the teacher humanist Sukhomlinsky. But in severe years the order of the principal was severe too.

Military conditions in a special way influenced educational process. So, in November, 1942 the principal was compelled to forbid written works on a number of subjects of a humanitarian cycle – geography, history, the constitution – and even on natural sciences. The economy of paper was the reason of this decision. In these subjects it was recommended to remove estimates on the basis of oral answers of pupils.

Methodical founds and the general professional culture of Uva school teachers led to quite good results. The general progress in the school was 90%. There were 186 pupils at school having in all subjects good and excellent marks, from them excellent students - 59 people.

In the table below the progress of pupils at different subject is recorded.

	certificated	not certificated	progress %
Borodkina N.P.	252	10	96
Zhdanovich E.I.	172	6	96,6
Urzhumtseva	101		100
Deryagina L.V.	207	12	94,2
Basov I.G.	260		100
Sukhomlinsky V.А.	54	2	96,1
Borodkin L.А.	150	6	96
Hlebnikova А.V.	65	12	85
Sementovskaya M.К.	125	4	97
Chernyavsky G.N.	113		100

The organization of educational work demanded a lot of attention from the director of Uva school. It was entered in the Book of orders by V.A.Sukhomlinsky's hand: "To enter into the schedule of lessons of 6-7 classes once a week obligatory hour of educational work". It was on January 23, 1943 (order No. 169). Thus, emergence of class hours as forms of educational activity at Uva high school is connected with name V.A. Sukhomlinsky.

Out-of-class educational work was on continuous control of the young director. He recommended "All actions for out-of-class work (meetings, collecting groups, occupations of circles, etc.) to see from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. After 9 p.m. pupils staying in school is forbidden (except for Komsomol meetings)". It was interesting that any meetings and pioneer collecting "are allowed only by the director". He strictly watched that in the evenings children didn't remain idle at school. Whether this ban was dictated by care about health of children, about observance of sleep and rest mode for them? Moreover, the order of the principal established watch of teachers in regional club from 9 to 11 p.m. "Duties of the person on duty: to watch that any pupil or the child of school age (till 14 years) wasn't allowed on an evening session; that pupils didn't break discipline in club".

The education content at wartime school couldn't be other than strictly regulated and quite traditional. V.A. Sukhomlinsky payed attention of class teachers to regular release of class wall newspapers ("order to class tutors of 4 and 5 classes to issue regularly 2 times a month wall newspapers"), thanks officially to teachers and class tutors for the organization of performances in hospital, for the organization of circles, sports competitions, collecting gifts to wounded fighters of Red Army.

V.A. Sukhomlinsky was necessary to interfere and with "errors" of pedagogical communication obvious to him which he came across at school. For example, he strictly, in the order for school, warned all teachers, "that removal of the pupil from a lesson is a last resort of punishment". He made it because noticed that teachers often expel pupils from lessons "without basis everyone, in his opinion,". In this order the humanistic position of the young principal was visible.

On the other hand, in need V.A. Sukhomlinsky rose on teachers' defense. We probably wouldn't find out what became the reason for emergence of the order on a ban on teachers criticism. "I warn all pupils, - the director wrote, - that criticizing the work of teachers including teachers Komsomol members, is forbiden at all meetings where pupils are presented including Komsomol meetings. For violation of the present order I will reduce marks on behavior". Perhaps, the tone of the order was excessively categorical, not absolutely coincided with the standard shape of the known teacher-humanist, but it was written in the period of a wartime. Notice that exactly at this time V.A. Sukhomlinsky was accepted to The Communist Party members, he became the young communist and sharply felt responsibility for youth education.

Among director's orders there were the pupils' prevention for misconduct at lessons, for smoking, hooliganism, failure of occupations and admissions of lessons, and for an insult teachers and beating pupils - even expel from school.

In difficult conditions it would be impossible to achieve good results without well-organized methodical work. At Uva school methodical there were associations of elementary school teachers, teachers of language and literature, mathematics. There were carried out 17 teachers' meeting during the school year. At meetings theoretical and practical questions of pedagogics were studied. The following reports were heard:

Educational work at the Soviet school – Borodkin L.A.

Methods of improvement of pupils' literacy – Khlebnikova A.V.

Fight for the standard of pupils' speech - Khlebnikova A.V.

Home reading – Sukhomlinsky V.A.

At meetings of methodical associations (once a month) among others questions were discussed the problems of the child education in a family and school, teaching of military subjects, education of efficiency, physical training, educational work in the first class; especially note discussion of questions of reading materials about patriotic war at lessons of reading [2].

The studied small fragment of Uva high school report convincingly testifies that V.A.Sukhomlinsky gained the pedagogical experience on our Udmurt earth in one of good rural schools, among high level professionals. It is obvious that sources of his pedagogics main positions can be found at Uva school. Extremely attentive, special attitude towards the child singed by war, gradually turned into V.A.Sukhomlinsky's "warm" pedagogics. Weak health children can't be quite successful in the doctrine – V.A.Sukhomlinsky's faced this truth on Uva, this basic situation was recorded later in the name of chapters of its books "Health, Health and Once Again Health" [3], "Care about Health and Physical Training" [4].

Teachers of Uva school worked as amicable team, generously imparted experience and helped each other, this good tradition was continued by V.A.Sukhomlinsky at Pavlysh high school. "Friendly pedagogical staff – the key to success of teaching and educational work" [5], "The identity of the teacher, pedagogical collective and group of pupils" [6] - not casually many pages of the works the scientist devoted to the colleagues, discussing problems of spiritual unity of pedagogical collective, management "creative commonwealth of adherents".

The word all know of V.A.Sukhomlinsky's special attention to the book. Let's note its message on home reading on teachers metodological meetings. It is possible to guess poor equipment of school library of the period of the Great Patriotic War, but the problem of children's reading didn't become less important for V.A.Sukhomlinsky: "The school library has very few books therefore there was no opportunity to adjust home reading there well. Some teachers organized in the classes class libraries" [2]. Perhaps, the idea of class libraries met expectations of the teacher, in V.A. Sukhomlinsky's post-war and later works we find the description of practice Pavlysh high school libraries in each class. "Already in 1 class we created children's library", - read in head "The Book in Spiritual Life of the Child" [7]. Following the tradition V.A. The Sukhomlinsky told about the traditional all-school Holiday of the Book which was passing on August 31, on the eve of school lessons when everybody gave books as gifts: children - each other, parents – to children. Such work had the result that each school student gradually created a private library, and in each family the library was created too.

There is an assumption that continuation of search V.A.Sukhomlinskogo's activity documents in the Udmurt Republic can lead to new historical and pedagogical "discoveries", important for understanding the period of V.A.Sukhomlinsky's pedagogical position formation, essence of his pedagogics and unique experience.