Mudruk
O.S.
State Scientific Agricultural Library Ukrainian Academy Agrarian Sciences
Kyiv, Ukraine
Contemporary views on the evolution of scientific ideas
in soil formation
Scientific ideas about soil development at
time could be: the idea of equivalent the factor of time and other factors of
soil formation is argued. All soil formation factors including state's age
connected with each other difficultly and took part in soil formation
equivalently (V.V. Dokuchaev). Later the conception about independent, separate
from the other factors time's influence on the soils (V.V. Dokuchaev). Soil
formation process could change its character mainly in influence of one time
factor and not change others (B.B. Polinov). Time is not the source of the
matter and energy. It could not change the character of soil formation and
that's why could not be the factor of soil formation (A.A. Rode). Time could
not be included into Dokuchaev's system of factors of soil formation comparing
with other soil formation factors (I.P. Gerasimov, M.A. Glasovskaya, V.A.
Kovda, V.G. Zolnikov). Time has higher status of generality than climate,
rocks, vegetate and animal organisms, relief. It is in all objects of real
world. Time is as universe. It is necessary form of materia existence and soils
(S.A. Zakharov, A.A. Rode, I.P. Gerasimov, M.A. Glasovskaya, V.A. Kovda). The
variety of views on the soil development at time told about theoretical basis,
not completely of the problem that is very important for soil scientists.
It is analysed the thoughts about soil
formation as formation, development and soil evolution that are in the basis of
Dokuchaev's school of soil science. It determines its research object not
through the context and features but through genesis. V.V. Dokuchaev said that
soil is natural object. It is result of interaction of material substrata,
biota and atmosphere in the conditions of some relief during all time.
S.S. Neustruev proposed another approach
to dividing and understanding soil formation processes. He underlined some not
large group of models of less complicated
processes that formed and changed soils in th whole world. He called them
elementary processes of soil formation but not in the meaning of their simple
essence. They are 'elements' of the processes general planetary pedagenesis
that always repeated. This small group could made more and more number of
complex processes in different varieties.
They were widespread in the I.P.
Gerasimov's works. He developed Neustruev's conception and proposed its usage
with the aim of genetic diagnostics and soils' systematics.
It is said that elementary soil formation
process could be determined as the process of general process of soil formation
and created some direct sum of definition in the soil system. It is important
for diagnostics of spare and temporary soil divergences.
All analysed systems divided into
following big groups: transformation of mineral substance in soils (inner soils
decay); transformation of organic matter on the soil surface; removal the
matters from the soils; substance migration inner soils; pedoturbation; the
entrance the matter into the soil from the environment.
The main reason of passage to the
elementary soil forming process were the soils, their contents and properties.
They could not be explained by the influence only the factors of soil
formation.
Thus, I.P. Gerasimov proposed formulae of
soil formation:
properties – processes – factors of soil formation.
Then A.A. Rode proposed to determine soil
micro processes. They were separate phenomena – seasonable, annual dynamics and regime of soils.
Rocks are the material basis of soils.
They have some energy in crystal lattice of their minerals. They change their
mineral structure under the influence of water and unchangeable temperature and biological rhythms. The last only made
them faster and changed the direction and speed of decay and soil formation.
That's
why, regular approach is underlined to the more complicated cognition of the
processes of soil formation rocks into ground.