Technical sciences
Ivanova
I.V., Ph.D., Iskakova А.М., undergraduate
Akhmet Baitursynov
Kostanay State University
The history of
development of GIS
Development of geographic information
systems in the world can be divided into three major periods: pioneering, user
and public initiatives.
Pioneering
period - at the end of 50 's - early 70-ies of the last century. It was
at this time in the field of information technology are carried out work on the
mapping of new possibilities with the use of electronic computers, printers,
large graphic displays, analyzers and other peripherals.
Important values at that time had the
scientific and theoretical work in the field of geography and cartography,
spatial relationships between of geographical objects. Study on quantitative
methods in geography in countries found wide use in countries such as the
United States, Canada, England, Sweden work by William Garrison, Torsten
Hagerstrand, Harold McCarty, Ian McHarg.
A huge break-through the creation of
geoinformation systems and the development of geo-information science is the
design and development of Canada Geographic Information System, CGIS. Its story
begins with 60 of the last century and till today this large-scale geographic
information system is being developed and supported. The main developer of GIS
in Canada, or as they call him in the homeland of GIS is considered the
"father" of Roger Tomlinson.
The period of
Government initiatives is characteristic for the period from the 70's and early
80 's. It is characterized by the creation and development of
large geo-information projects under the auspices of the State that corresponds
to the name of the period.
It was during these years, the number of
State institutions in the area of geo-information technologies, while reducing
the role and merits of individual researchers and small teams.
In the United States, in the scientific
community of that time, actively discussed the application of GIS in data
processing and presentation of national census (U.S. Census Data).
Before the specialists was affixed to the
development methodology to conduct a "binding" of census data. The
main conceptual problem was the task of translating the address of residence of
citizens set out in their application forms, geographic coordinates, for the
subsequent formation of the electronic maps of the country based on population
census data. So, in the 1970 United States Census, was carried out with the use
of geographic information systems.
The beginning of
the period the user (commercial) falls to 1981 and continues to the present day.
This period is characterized by large-scale commercial
exploitation of software and GIS applications.
The use of GIS and databases, taking into
account the application of the network technology, navigation systems allowed
the user to market a large number of software products that support individual
work with GIS mapping data on PCS and when used in Government and commercial
organizations.
The unique ability of GIS to work with
data on the geographic surface even began to be used in studying outer space.