Historical sciences/4. Ethnography

Hasanov Elnur Latif oglu

post-graduate, scholar

Ganja regional scientific center of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Ganja, (Azerbaijan)

TYPICAL ETHNOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF TRADITIONAL CRAFT OF GANJA IN THE END OF XIX - BEGINNING OF XX CENTURIES

Key words: Ganja, traditional handicraft branches, XIX - XX centuries

Ganja is one of the oldest cities on the territory of Azerbaijan. This city has more than 3000 years old.

During end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries in Ganja closely bundled to an economy and a daily life of the people, craft employment were one of the basic carriers of national traditions [1, 110].

Each area of Azerbaijan possesses characteristic environmental resource bases for it and it promoted development of various crafts. Thus, a number of employments in Ganja, during the period since 19 centuries to the middle of 20 centuries, differed from crafts of other areas of the country. It were first of all the trades bundled to a spreading of a city and population grown have increased demand for craft products. Under such circumstances the handicraft work could not keep the natural character. Already in a number of branches finished articles have been exposed on a market. The increase in quantity of handicraftsmen in a city directly has been bundled to population growth. The competition of production of production plants and factories has not reached still serious level and consequently was created a favorable conditions for spreading of traditional occupations there. In addition, products of these craft branches have been closely bundled to a life and traditions of the people, and it would be difficult to replace with their factory production. In the specified period of history in Ganja developed basically carpet weaving, weaver`s business, craft of the tailor, squeeze men, forge and a jewelry, trades of dyer, the stone mason, the cooper and leather dresser, weapon business and other similar craft branches. Among these crafts especially developed carpet weaving. To so wide development of carpet weaving promoted availability of raw materials [2, 47; 3, 57].

In addition carpets were very widely used in a population life- both as furniture, and as a curtain, both as sand bed and as a coating for a floor. In carpet weaving have been held basically women. It has been bundled by that in a Muslim society of the woman preferred to work in house conditions. However also are know cases when men were occupied with this craft. Tailors and hatters created both national clothes, and clothes in style of the European fashion. According to the spent explorations there are exact data on wide development of a jewelry in Ganja in the end of 19 centuries – in a beginning of 20 centuries. Jewelers basically fabricated ornaments to order. Among them there was a specification. Jobs of skilful masters amazed even foreigners. Development of trading and economic relations of Ganja with the next states promoted a recognition of local jewels abroad. As an example it is served by unique samples handmade the Azerbaijan jewelers, stored in museums of St.-Petersburg, France and Georgia. On a ground classifying crafts it has been defined that by the end of 19 centuries a number of fashionable trades began to disappear. Among them were – wool-carder, hatcheller, selsbchy, dhulfachy, carriers. They have got rid of and have been replaced by representatives of new crafts [4, 31; 5-7].

Distribution of experts of certain crafts on quarters and neighboring communes was prominent of crafts. For example, it is possible to recollect. In these neighboring communes functioned craft departments. Internal conditions of craft department reflected a sort of employment of his owner. In these departments worked the master and his pupils. In a life of the population of Ganja the role of craft products was great. These products were widely used inhabitants of Ganja they decorated conditions of living rooms, with them filled up a dowry of brides. The dresses created in local departments, suits and caps were an integral part of an attire of town-dwellers. In comparison with villages though the national clothes in 20 century began to supersede them gradually. It also has been bundled to accruing arrival to Ganja representatives of other nationalities.

Therefore, changes in clothes were more marked. Only female ornaments as an attire constituent part, left the national feature. At this time there were fashionable ornaments on a breast, hands, set pins and on clothes. Its hereditary transfer to descendants was one more feature of craft business in Ganja. Hereditary jewelers, weavers, manufacturers of carpets, cobblers, potters and stone borer were especially allocated.

References

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