Педагогические науки/ 2. Проблемы подготовки специалиста
Николаенко О.В.,
Ушатая Т.А.,
Черниговской
государственный институт экономики и управления
the students’
INDEPENDENT WORK as a driving force of their personality development
The growth of specialists’ training quality is one of the most important
problems facing the higher education in Ukraine. A student being at the university
and after graduation must not only get essential knowledge and the feel of
skills and habits to use the knowledge and methods of research according to the
curriculum but also must be able to acquire new scientific knowledge
independently.
Thereupon the students’ independent work has been assuming significance.
This problem is widely researched in the literature on pedagogy, psychology and
methods of teaching. The researchers summarize pedagogic experience and study
the budget of time and means of intellectual work arrangements efficiency by
different subjects. The organization of
curricular and extracurricular work in the process of studying and the
students’ learning skills forming are the core of postgraduate education and
further professional upgrading. Thus being at the university the students must acquire
the grounds to further self-education by means of their independent work.
The notion ‘independent work’ is multifarious and that’s why, it’s natural,
that it hasn’t got common interpretation in pedagogical literature. It gives us
a chance to elaborate the notion ‘independent work’ and analyze the essence of
it regarding to different levels of training because, in A. Leontiev’s
judgement, there is daunting problem about continuity at all levels of studying
foreign languages.
The researchers dealing with taking us an interest problem around higher
education (S. Arkhangelskyi, Y. Golant, P. Pidkasistyi, A. Moliboh and others)
also put different contest in this notion. The notion ‘independent work’ is interpreted
as independent search of necessary information, getting knowledge and its using
by solving educational, scientific and professional tasks (S. Arkhangelskyi ); as
activity consist of some parts, such as, creative perception, comprehension of
educational material on lectures, revising for classes, exams, writing papers
and thesis (A. Moliboh); as various types of individual and group cognitive
work under the care of lecturers ( R. Nazimov). The organization of the independent
work at higher educational establishments is considered as the system of means
of training such traits of a personality as activity and independence and
habits of getting useful information (B. Iohanzen). The independent work is also
considered by some authors as the system of pedagogical conditions arrangements
which support the learning activity management in lecturer’s control absentia (V.
Graf, I. Iliasov). Sometimes the independent work is considered as self-education
(S. Zinoviev).
We could give examples of other interpretations of the notion but we are
interested in one given by P. Pidkasistyi because his interpretation of the independent
work is considered as the closest to our understanding of the independent work
at non-linguistic higher educational establishments. P. Pidkasistyi believes that
“the independent work at higher educational establishments is specific
pedagogical means of organization and management of the independent activity in
studying process’’ [4, с. 31].
From one hand, in his judgement, the independent work is a learning
task, an object of a student activity, and from the other hand, it is a form of
getting unknown earlier knowledge or sorting or upgrading got knowledge. M. Graiunov thinks that the independent work
is fulfilling different educational, production, research and self-educational
tasks as means of professional knowledge mastering and creative activity
development. [4, с.45].
The independent work forms volume and level of knowledge, skills and habits
to solve set cognitive tasks. It
also develops psychological arrangement to replenish knowledge and form skills of being oriented in the stream of information [5].
Investigating this problem we can state that the independent work is one
of the cognitive activity types oriented on the compulsory and specific
training under the control of lecturers. The independent work with literature
for specific purposes is of our particular interest. Teaching independent work with
literature for specific purposes is one of students and lecturers’ labour scientific
management sides. Successful teaching activity is based not only on its
qualification which is influenced with constant scientific and pedagogical
upgrading but also on the skill how to use information, process it and remake
it to use in creative activity.
Students’ labour scientific management consist of getting data about field
of activity’s choice opportunities, assignment formulation, time distribution,
the most efficient techniques possession, self-government, groundwork for
future research guaranteeing and etc.. The independent work management as the
component of scientific labour management at higher educational establishments
is regulated by definite principles, and its success is provided by some
factors influencing the learning process. Among the principles there is all
individual assignment regulation by time and volume and the students’
independent work conditions providing and management. There are also two groups
of factors: organizational and methodological. Organizational group of factors
consists of time budget, educational literature and educational and laboratory
basics. Methodological factors include planning, methods teaching and the students’
independent work management [5]. All factors are combined into multi-facet
groups enveloping various sides of the students’ independent work organisation.
It is necessary to define more particular factors which provide efficient
the students’ independent work with literature for specific purposes work.
Factor is the reason, driving force of any process or phenomenon, which defines
its character and particular traits. Therefore, the studying of factors which influence
the students’ independent work with literature for specific purposes work organization
permits to provide more efficient studying and brings to more complete the
essence of the independent work comprehension. Among the factors are psychological
and pedagogical and linguistic ones.
The independent work and the independent work with literature for specific
purposes carry out cognitive, educational and training functions, that is widen
and deepen got knowledge, develop literature studying skills and habits, train
independence, creativity and convictions. Psychological and pedagogical factors
suppose to record psychological qualities which are necessary for fruitful independent
work with literature for specific purposes realization and to train social and
personal qualities necessary for this work. Among mentioned factors there is also
a gained ability to upgrade by force of definite selection, processing and
mastering of information. Such
activity needs a set of corresponding qualities. Among them there is cognitive activity, aspiration and
skills to gain knowledge and methods of their implementation in practice, and
intellectual activity, the necessity to know as more as possible in the professional
sphere. In the process of the independent work with literature for specific purposes
personal qualities are improved. Positively motivated and organized the independent
work promotes the training volitional qualities of a personality and also
develops thinking, memory, attention and abilities. Psychological and pedagogical
factors influence the independent work with literature in foreign languages for
specific purposes and its rational using makes the process of learning be more
efficient. Linguistic factor is defined with the character of literature of the
students’ interest [8].
Recently the text as the communicative unit has been given
consideration. The text research results are reflected in the foreign language
teaching methodology. Among text’s functions
there is the using of the text during teaching students how to retrieve given
information that is how to understand speech work as it is. It is a common feeling
that the process of special literature in foreign languages comprehension is
influenced by the level of speaking foreign languages and the literature’s peculiarities.
By the way, the rules of composition and semantic text outline identify the
choice and the use of languages means within written scientific report.
Therefore, the skill to rely on the definite text characteristics, essentially its
composition and semantic outline as the points at extracting information, will
promote to understand the text more properly. Mentioned groups of factors provide combined, integrated influence
upon the independent work of students and must be considered in the interconnection.
The characteristics of the notion ‘students’ independent work’ and the
definition of the factors, which influence upon its management from the side of
lecturers, allow us to give some practical recommendations [7].
The independent work must be carried out by students as cognitive
activity and must become the means of training such personal characteristics as
independence, activity, creative attitude to the welcomed information. All said
before makes a demand for the literature for specific purposes quality and the
methodological organization of the process of learning. The first condition is
provided by thorough textual materials selection for self-studying. The second
one includes the forming skills how to work with special literature with the
help of tasks system that afterwards can be postgraduate self-education and
upgrading of specialist basic.
The preliminary studying allowed us to mark out the following skills.
First of all, they are the skills of the information sources search, the extraction
of the information from one or some sources, linguistic factor consideration,
and literature character used by students.
By the way, literature character being the subject of the students’
independent work must be taken into consideration in the complex of exercises
working out to form the skills of independent work.
Therefore, students’ independent work with literature for specific purposes
must be organized, and its success mostly depends on psychological and
pedagogical and linguistic factors.
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