Zhakupova A.N., Evseeva E.Y.

Innovative University of Eurasia, Kazakhstan

The impact of chemistry and chemical industry on the environment

Chemical pollution of the biosphere.

There are three main sources of air pollution: industry, domestic boilers, transport.

The air is polluted by industrial production.

Sources of pollution are thermal power plants; metallurgical enterprises which emit in the air ejection nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles of arsenic and mercury compounds; chemical plants and cement plants.

Harmful gases released into the air from burning fuel for industry, domestic heating, transport operations, incineration and recycling of household and industrial waste.

Atmospheric pollutants are divided into primary and secondary.

Sulfur dioxide which enters the atmosphere is oxidized to sulfur trioxide, which reacts with water vapor to form sulfuric acid droplets.

When reacting sulfur trioxide with the ammonia formed crystals of ammonium sulfate.

The main source of pyrogenic contamination on the planet are thermal power plants, steel and chemical plants, boiler plants.

Consider the main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin.

Carbon monoxide. It is produced during incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials. Carbon monoxide released into the air when burning solid waste, with the exhaust gases and industrial emissions. In the atmosphere comes 1.25 billion tons per year. Carbon monoxide reacts with components of the atmosphere and contributes to the temperature of the planet, and the greenhouse effect.

Sulfur dioxide. It stands out from the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or processing of sulphide ores.

Sulfur trioxide. It is formed by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The final reaction product is an aerosol or a solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater. It oxidizes the soil and aggravates respiratory diseases of man. Pyrometallurgical non-ferrous and ferrous metals, as well as thermal power plants annually emit tens of millions of tons of sulfur dioxide.

The hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. They enter in the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur compounds. The main emission sources are plants producing synthetic fiber, sugar, coke plants, refineries and oil fields.

Nitrogen oxides. The main sources of NOx emissions are companies that specialize in the production of nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro, silk.

Fluorine compounds. Sources of pollution are the companies producing aluminum, enamel, glass, ceramics, steel, phosphate fertilizers. Fluorine-containing substances into the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride or sodium fluoride dust and calcium. The compounds have a toxic effect. Fluorine derivatives are potent insecticides.

Chlorine compounds. They enter in the atmosphere from chemical companies producing hydrochloric acid, chlorinated pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolysis alcohol, bleach, soda. In the atmosphere found impurity of the molecule of chlorine and hydrochloric acid vapor. Toxicity of chlorine compounds determined by the type and concentration.

Aerosol pollution. Aerosols are solid or liquid particles. The solid components of aerosols dangerous to organisms and humans cause specific diseases. Aerosol pollution in the atmosphere observed in the form of smoke, fog, mist or haze. The aerosols formed in the interaction of solid and liquid particles among themselves or with steam. In the Earth's atmosphere annually receives about 1 cubic kilometer of dust particles of artificial origin. Most of them are also generated by the production activities of people.

The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants that consume coal of high ash content; concentrators; steel, cement, magnesia and soot plants.

Aerosol pollution contain silicon compounds, carbon, and calcium, at least - metal oxides, iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, asbestos. Organic dust contains aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, salts of acids. Organic dust formed during combustion of residual oil in the pyrolysis process in refineries, petrochemical plants.

Production of cement and other building materials is a source of atmospheric pollution by dust. The basic processes of these productions are grinding and chemical processing batches, semi-products and derived products. These processes are always accompanied by the emission of dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere.

Photochemical haze (smog). Photochemical haze is a multicomponent mixture of gases and aerosol particles. Smog contains ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur photo-oxidants. Photochemical smog is formed in the atmosphere with a high concentration of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other pollutants, with intense solar radiation and wind calm.

The problem of controlling the emission of pollutants by industrial enterprises is estimated using the maximum permissible concentration (MPC).

State air pollution more substances evaluated using a comprehensive index - air pollution index (API).

Degree of air pollution by main pollutants depends on the industrial development of the city. Maximum concentrations are characteristic of cities with populations of more than 500 thousand inhabitants. Air pollution by specific substances depends on the type of industry. Unfortunately, the problem of reducing the emissions of many substances still remains unsolved.

Chemical pollution of natural waters.

Natural waters are influenced by natural phenomena, industry, industrial, public works, transport, economic and domestic activities of man. The consequence of these effects is the introduction into the aquatic environment of new pollutants. Pollution are classified as chemical, physical and biological contaminants. Chemical pollution is a change in the natural chemical properties of water due to the increase in the content of her mineral salts, acids, alkalis, oil and oil products, surfactants, pesticides.

Inorganic pollution. Basic inorganic (mineral) contaminants of fresh and marine waters are a variety of chemical compounds. For example, compounds of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine. They fall into the water as a result of human activity. Heavy metals are absorbed by phytoplankton, and then passed through the food chain for more highly organisms.

Organic pollution. Great importance to aquatic organisms have mineral, nutrients and organic residues. Wastewater containing organic suspension adversely affect the condition of reservoirs. A significant amount of organic substances discharged into the river with industrial and municipal effluents. Increasing water pollution and sewage observed in all industrialized countries. Rapid urbanization and slow construction of treatment facilities lead to contamination of water and soil as household waste.

When organic waste decomposes in water, they can become a medium for pathogenic organisms. Contaminated water is not suitable drinking and other purposes. Household wastes are hazardous because they are a source of human diseases (typhoid, dysentery, cholera).

The problem of pollution of the world ocean by organic compounds.

Oil and oil products. Oil is an oily, viscous fluid which has a dark brown color and has a weak fluorescence. Oil consists of saturated aliphatic and hydroaromatic hydrocarbons. The main components of oil are hydrocarbons (98%). They are divided into 4 classes.

Paraffins (alkenes) - (up to 90% of the total) is a stable substance whose molecules are expressed in straight-and branched-chain carbon atoms. Light paraffins have the highest volatility and water solubility.

Cycloparaffins (30 - 60% of the total composition) is a saturated cyclic compounds with 5-6 carbon atoms in the ring.

Aromatics hydrocarbons (20 - 40% of the total composition) are unsaturated cyclic compound of benzene series. They comprise 6 ring carbon atoms less than cycloparaffins. Crude oil contains volatile compounds with molecules in the form of single rings (benzene, toluene, xylene), followed by the bicyclic (naphthalene) semicyclic (pyrene).

Olefins (alkenes, 10% of the total composition) is acyclic unsaturated compound. They have one or two hydrogen atoms on each carbon atom in the molecule. The molecule has a straight or branched chain.

Oil and petroleum products are common pollutants in the oceans. When oil enters the marine environment, it spreads as a film to form layers of different capacities. The oil film (30-40 mm) alters the composition of the spectrum and intensity of light penetration into the water.

Pesticides. Pesticides are artificially created substances. They are used to control pests and plant diseases. Pesticides are divided into the following groups: insecticides used to control insect pests, fungicides and bactericides are used to fight bacterial diseases of plants, herbicides are used against weeds.

Synthetic surfactants. Detergents (Synthetic surfactants) belong to a large group of substances that lower the surface tension of water. They are part of the detergents that are used in the home and industry. In agriculture, synthetic surfactants are used in the composition of pesticides.

Compounds with carcinogenic properties. Carcinogenic substances are homogeneous compound. They are active and the ability to cause carcinogenic, teratogenic (disturbance of embryonic development) or mutagenic changes in the organisms. Carcinogenic substances can lead to inhibition of growth, accelerated aging, disruption of individual development and change in the gene pool of organisms. Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, vinyl chloride, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogens.

Heavy metals. Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic) are toxic pollutants. They are used in different industrial plants. These compounds enter into the ocean through the atmosphere. The most dangerous are mercury, lead and cadmium. Mercury is transferred into the ocean from continental runoff and through the atmosphere.

Dumping of waste at sea for the purpose of disposal (dumping). Many countries have access to the sea. They produce marine disposal of various materials and substances, such as industrial waste, construction waste, solid waste, explosives, chemicals, radioactive waste.

Dumping is a forced measure. Slags industrial productions contain organic substances and heavy metals. Household waste comprises (by weight dry substance) 32-40% of organic substances; 0.56% nitrogen; 0.44% phosphorus; 0.155% zinc; 0.085% lead; 0.001% of the mercury; 0.001% of cadmium.

Thermal pollution. Thermal pollution of surface water bodies resulting from the discharge of heated wastewater plants and industrial plants. Reset hot water causes an increase in temperature of the water in the reservoirs at 6-8 degrees Celsius. The solubility of oxygen decreases and the consumption of it increases as the temperature increases enhanced activity of aerobic bacteria that decompose organic matter.

Soil contamination.

The soil cover of the Earth is an essential component of the Earth's biosphere. Soil shell determines the processes that occur in the biosphere.

Soil cover breaks and neutralizes a variety of pollution. Pesticide contamination is anthropogenic influence. Excessive use of pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, defoliants) negatively affects the quality of the soil. Therefore, we study the possibility of neutralization of chemical and biological methods. Creation and use of drugs with a short duration of life (week, month) are very important. But the problem as a whole has not yet been solved.

Conclusion.

The Nature Conservancy is an important task. Human impact on the environment has taken alarming proportions. To improve the situation of need targeted action. At the moment it is necessary to accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment and to develop new methods to reduce and prevent the harm caused by man.

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