Historical
sciences / 4. Ethnography
PhD.
postgraduate E.L. Hasanov
Corresponding member of
International Academy of Theoretical and Applied Sciences,
Scholar of Ganja branch of
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences,
Ganja, Azerbaijan
TYPICAL FEATURES OF SOME TRADITIONAL CRAFT KINDS OF GANJA
As in many places,
production of wool, cotton and silk in
and around Ganja made necessary emergence
and development of weaving. Becoming weaving one of the ancient spheres of crafts in and around Ganja was connected with the rich raw
material base here . Presence of useful plant species for textile,
including cotton, high level
development of wool area of agriculture- sheep and goat breeding,camel
breeding, horse breeding,presence of cotton cropping in Middle Ages and finally, regular expansion
of silkworm breeding in this area created a foundation for growth of weaving
here. In addition, during the research work in
Mingachevir,Kazakh, Shamakhi, Sargah ,Pirsaat River Basin monuments
there have been found whole and parts
of weaving loom anddifferent sizes of clay and
bone samples, that consist to weaving .
Moisey Kalankatly notes , that, along the banks of
the Kura River ... there are a large amount of silk (mulberry tree) ... and cotton. Arab author who lived in the X
century Al-Istaxri gives big information about, that in Barda in ownerless gardens were cultivated mulberry leaves and silkworm ,then mulberry
silk sent to Farsistanand Khusistan for
sale. His contemporary and fellow townsman Ibn
Hovqal gives information about
preparation of silk clothing from them.. Also, Al-Istaxri provides detailed information about cutting
of textile in Derbend.
The art of Textile
materials,that concern to weaving craft,consists of spindle heads and
needles. The remnants of dying from the
Shamkir, Ganja,Shatal and Khunan proves development of dying here. Plant
remains have been widely used in dying.
Wood treatment and trade of ornamentalist: In the territory of
Azerbaijan the oldest samples of wood
treatment were found in the territory of ancient Ganja.Around Ganja area – in
the region of Lake Goy- gol
in the IV-III millennium BC have been discovered wooden thicher board, also wooden sugar
bowl, that concern to the end of the II
millennium BC, found in Mingechevir
pitcher grave are material evidences of science thoughts .
Along with the
works and notes of medieval authors and
travelers,a lot of material samples ,founnd in the territory of ancient Ganja
,also found in Mingachevir and concern
to Middle Ages trough, ladle, wooden
threshing board,shows that in Ganja
wood treatment and sculptor art have a rich tradition.
Wood treatment products historically have been represented
in various fields of social and cultural life in Ganja:
1. Kitchen appliances:
trough, quadruped, rolling-pin, mortar and pestle, ladle, spoon, trough.
2. Transport means:
sleigh, car, ski.
3. Weaving tools:
comb, face.
4. Household tools:
harrow, wooden plow,threshing board, spade, wooden shouvel, pitchfork, rake.
5. Musical
instruments: saz, ud, tar, chamahcha, tambourine, drum.
Along with the mosque Cuma (Shah
Abbash),that constructed in 1606,local samples of trade ornamentalist ,that
built in Sheikh Javad Khan Street,that have 3 century history
and was built in the nineteenth century
in building of Sheikh Nizamy Gancavy’s
(1141-1209) representatives Sheikhzamanlylars property and, that was restored in 2011, are attractive especial attention.
Metal treatment: (coppersmith, blacksmith, arm
craft, goldsmith, currier, hatting, felting, cobbling)
History and art of
Azerbaijan people as rich and colorful
as its nature. On decorations of this descriptive art are reflected spiritual world, living style, customs and
traditions of our nation.These pearls of art on material preparing and
processing techniques are divided into different kinds. Among these types of
craft metal treatment is mostly developed and has ancient history.
Abundance of local raw materials created favorable conditions for development
of metal treatment from ancient
times. In general , in the third
millennium BC there was high culture
of the Bronze Age in our country ,and in the first millennium transition period
from Bronze Age to Iron Age began . In that period in Azerbaijan there were appeared several branches of metallurgy treatment. Jewelries, daggers, arms, copper products
and other samples of art have
been treated so refined, that
in nowadays they are protected as very
valuable exibits in famous museums in such cities , as Paris, London, Brussels, Istanbul, Tehran
and other cities.
Works of art, made from metal, for their
content and their form are divided into two major groups:
1) products of art;
2) household goods.
Household equipment, works of art,
aqriculture instruments, that made by Ganja crafts , have been executed into
two main technical methods:
1) Casting
2) Forging
Made of precious metals gold and silver
jewellries , that prepared by Ganja masters ,
are divided into 4 qroups for
wearing and putting :
1) Neck
jewelries - it is included such kind of
jewelries, that gold piece coin, imperial, cardamon or barley,” iyirmibeshlik”(
25 ), medallions ,” bogazaltı”(woman jewelries in ribbon form ),
bracelets, different kinds of beads and etc.
2) Jewelries for
arms and fingers – this group includes bracelets, bangles and rings with
various precious stones as
(turquoise, rubies, pearls and
etc.).
3) Head jewelries –
skull-cap and others.
4) Jewelries for
clothers .
In the first half of the XVIII-XIX centuries, as
well as in other parts of Azerbaijan, in
Ganja household objects , forging weapons and jewelries , that made from metal were decorated with 6 technical way.
1. Tattooing.
2.”Basma “
(Pushing)
3.”Karasavad”
4. Ornament
5. ‘Khatemkarliq”
6. Minering.
Pottery and brick production
Ancient and antique period: The formation
of pottery on the territory of
ancient Ganja is concern to the stages
of ancient history . Basis on research works, carried out by the
various persons in XIX century and experts-archeologists at the beginning of XX century in old ruins of the city and surrounding
areas, there were found different samples of pottery.
First of all, there
have been discovered ,that initial ceramic production in Ganja and its surrounding regions are belong
to the VIII-VII millennium BC . From
the history point of view, these ancient clay vessels, belonging to the
Neolithic stage, are differ from the pottery samples of the neighboring ethnic
in a number characteristics. These differences are seen in preparing
technology, also in the area of external surface decoration.
From the
construction point of view, samples of pottery ,that concern to Antique period,
also to the period of Hellenism in
Ganja ,differed in various forms:
1.Pictorial vases
2. Ceramic figures
3. Connected dishes
Early Middle Ages:
Pottery dishes, that concern to the first stages of Middle Ages of Ganja,
are differ from the ceramic samples of Antique period in two features:
1) on shape.
2) for preparing techniques.
Potter's products of the Early Middle Ages of Ganja and its regions for
their technical characteristic are divided into 2 major groups:
I.
Glazed ceramic products.
II.
Unglazed ceramic products
The main types of samples of ancient clay
toys in Ganja regions are the follows:
1.Rattle.
2.Zoomorf figures.
3. Toy dishes.
The End of Middle
Ages and New Period. In this historical period in Ganja and its regions ceramic
has following kinds:
1.Building ceramic
materials
2.Unglazed ceramic
products
3.Glazed ceramic
products
Construction
ceramics: For Middle
Ages and New period among pottery products
of Ganja ceramic samples as clay construction materials have great importance. First of all, glazed
bricks, that used in construction of most
buildings in the XVII-XVIII centuries, and also in great monuments, and
the main construction material- air-dried bricks, attracted attention.
During this period, using of baked brick has been widen and their standard sizes were as follows:
25 x 24 x 5 cm;
25 x 25 x 5 cm.
In addition to the
found samples in residential areas as a result of archaeological excavations,
also were found a lot of brick spoilages. According to such kind mass finding
of brick spoilages, we can make the conclusion, that the bricks used in construction of buildings in Ganja, were wares
of local production.
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